The Influence of Functional Circulatory Disturbances on the Central Nervous System

1930 ◽  
Vol 76 (315) ◽  
pp. 641-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Spielmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Circulatory Disturbances ◽  
Do So

If I may be allowed to speak to you about the importance of functional impediments to the circulation, I would like to do so from the point of view of the anatomist. I shall not speak about the clinical and physiological observations in neuropathology and internal medicine; I want rather to begin with the deductions to which the anatomist is led by his own methods, independent of clinical facts and questions.

New Advanced Strategies for the Treatment of Lysosomal Diseases Affecting the Central Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 1933-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria R. Gigliobianco ◽  
Piera Di Martino ◽  
Siyuan Deng ◽  
Cristina Casadidio ◽  
Roberta Censi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Lysosomal Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Enzyme Delivery

Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), also known as lysosomal diseases (LDs) are a group of serious genetic diseases characterized by not only the accumulation of non-catabolized compounds in the lysosomes due to the deficiency of specific enzymes which usually eliminate these compounds, but also by trafficking, calcium changes and acidification. LDs mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS), which is difficult to reach for drugs and biological molecules due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While some therapies have proven highly effective in treating peripheral disorders in LD patients, they fail to overcome the BBB. Researchers have developed many strategies to circumvent this problem, for example, by creating carriers for enzyme delivery, which improve the enzyme’s half-life and the overexpression of receptors and transporters in the luminal or abluminal membranes of the BBB. This review aims to successfully examine the strategies developed during the last decade for the treatment of LDs, which mainly affect the CNS. Among the LD treatments, enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) and gene therapy have proven effective, while nanoparticle, fusion protein, and small molecule-based therapies seem to offer considerable promise to treat the CNS pathology. This work also analyzed the challenges of the study to design new drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of LDs. Polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are explored from their technological point of view and for the most relevant preclinical studies showing that they are excellent choices to protect active molecules and transport them through the BBB to target specific brain substrates for the treatment of LDs.

THE FAMILY HISTORY OF SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
John Lorber
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida Cystica

1. The family histories of 722 infants who were born with spina bifida cystica were studied. 2. The index cases were referred for surgical treatment and were not selected in any way from the genetic point of view. 3. Intensive inquiries were made to obtain a complete family pedigree, including a prospective follow-up of siblings born after the index case. 4. Of 1,256 siblings 85 or 6.8% had gross malformation of the central nervous system: spina bifida cystica in 54, anencephaly in 22, and uncomplicated hydrocephalus in 9. 5. Of 306 children born after the index case 25 (8%) or 1 in 12 were affected. 6. There was a progressive increase in multiple cases in the family with increasing family size. In sibships of five or more, multiple cases occurred in 24.1%. 7. In 118 families cases of gross malformation of the central nervous system were known to have occurred among members of the family other than siblings. Cases occurred in three generations. 8. It is possible that spina bifida cystica might be a recessively inherited condition.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pneumoniae Causes Experimental Meningitis following Intranasal and Otitis Media Infections via a Nonhematogenous Route

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7318-7325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Marra ◽  
Daniel Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACT Using two different animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, we have demonstrated that this organism is able to spread to the central nervous system and cause meningitis by bypassing the bloodstream. Following respiratory tract infection induced via intranasal inoculation, bacteria were rapidly found in the bloodstream and brains in the majority of infected mice. A similar pattern of dissemination occurred following otitis media infection via transbullar injection of gerbils. However, a small percentage of animals infected by either route showed no bacteria in the blood and yet did have significant numbers of bacteria in brain tissue. Subsequent experiments using a galU mutant of S. pneumoniae, which is impaired in its ability to disseminate to the bloodstream following infection, showed that this organism is able to spread to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. These results demonstrate that, unlike many bacterial pathogens that cause meningitis, S. pneumoniae is able to do so independent of bloodstream involvement upon different routes of infection. This may address the difficulty in treating human infections caused by this organism.

Comprehensive examination of the human fetus

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Harman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Fetus ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Specific Detail ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Do So

We cannot talk to the fetus. Our ability to place the fetal condition accurately in context, therefore, lies with indirect evidence and inferred responses. We can examine the fetus. We can do so in a most comprehensive fashion, addressing the salient points of fetal anatomy, both structural and functional. We are able to perform routine evaluation of every system and the methodology is available to assess critical areas such as the heart and the central nervous system in specific detail.

Reflex Testing Methods for Evaluating C. N. S. Development

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
R. K. BYERS
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Postural Reflexes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Reflex Testing

This little book, consisting mostly of illustrations of postural reflexes beginning with the most primitive and ending with some of the more complex cortical postural reflexes, is most useful from the point of view of assessing motor developmental levels. It sorts out reflexes from various levels of the central nervous system, spinal cord, brain stem, midbrain, and cortex; and points out that the automatisms of the first two groups are by themselves insufficient for any type of upright posture.

Modifying Natural Behavioral Responses by Enforcing Ethical Values

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Duran Jaume ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Community Behavior ◽  
Behavior Response ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

"According to different theories about neuroscience and ethics, we want to introduce the idea that the ethical values are very good levers to conduct human responses to their perceptions. These theories are based on very currently data about science and the central nervous system explained recently by a very important neuroscientist. In a very basic nervous system, the reptilian brain, humans can solve their fundamental interest and necessities, such as survival, breading, community behavior… In a more complex and posterior temporary nervous system, thanks to the known limbic brain, humans have been able to solve and to respond to their emotional problems, creating the memory center of our emotions. After this second moment and as a result of the global anthropological evolution, the cortical brain allows us to think, to deploy the global intelligences and take human decisions. Thanks to these three brain levels and their neurobiological connections, humans have developed other intangible brains, able to experience the ethics, the esthetics, and the spirituality. Our brain works as a whole. We are the result made up of more than 100.000 million connected neurons that form the brains. In some aspects, our four dimensions, the physical, the emotional, the rational and the transcendental faces act together, hand in hand. Our more ponderous decisions aren’t always rational; more than 80% of them are basically emotional. So, our spiritual manners can be showed by biophysically manifestations; conscientious and unconscientious affects us equally. Human brain is genetically prepared to answer. Historically formed to respond, the central nervous system can be explained as the most complex organ to produce responses to multiple previous perceptions. These perceptions can be tangible or not, external or internal, consciences or not, actual or memorized. Our point of view is that we can introduce ethical values as a non-conscientious response. Working from rational and emotional ways our ethical values, we will introduce them in our transcendental brain. All posterior relationship between the brain areas will influence the behavior response to the real perceptions that we are exposed to. So, to summarize, enforced ethical values can unconscientiously modify our behavioral response. "

Gudden's Method in the Investigation of the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
James Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Friable Material ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Perhaps there is no system which in recent times has received more attention, from an anatomical as well as from a physiological point of view, than the central nervous system. The brain being built up of cells and fibres of a soft and friable material, imbedded in a still softer substance, and arranged so as to form a complicated network of fibres suspended between and connecting different systems of nuclei, it is not to be wondered at that its minute anatomy, previous to the employment of the various hardening methods now in use, was very imperfectly known. Even now, notwithstanding our present means of hardening nerve tissue, and improved appliances for preparing sections for microscopical examination, we often experience considerable difficulty in its investigation, not the smallest of which is encountered when we endeavour to follow the different nerve fibres and associate them with their proper nuclei. Sometimes this difficulty arises from several bundles of fibres connected with different nuclei running together, or occupying almost the same position and at other times from several nuclei connected with different groups of fibres being placed very close to each other, so that we may have in close proximity nuclei, or the fibres connected with nuclei, which differ greatly in function.

Gudden's Method in the Investigation of the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
James Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Friable Material ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Perhaps there is no system which in recent times has received more attention, from an anatomical as well as from a physiological point of view, than the central nervous system. The brain being built up of cells and fibres of a soft and friable material, imbedded in a still softer substance, and arranged so as to form a complicated network of fibres suspended between and connecting different systems of nuclei, it is not to be wondered at that its minute anatomy, previous to the employment of the various hardening methods now in use, was very imperfectly known. Even now, notwithstanding our present means of hardening nerve tissue, and improved appliances for preparing sections for microscopical examination, we often experience considerable difficulty in its investigation, not the smallest of which is encountered when we endeavour to follow the different nerve fibres and associate them with their proper nuclei. Sometimes this difficulty arises from several bundles of fibres connected with different nuclei running together, or occupying almost the same position and at other times from several nuclei connected with different groups of fibres being placed very close to each other, so that we may have in close proximity nuclei, or the fibres connected with nuclei, which differ greatly in function.

scholarly journals XXVII.—On the Restoration of Co-ordinated Movements after Nerve Section

1900 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Spinal Root ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

From the point of view of its function, a nerve fibre is a conductor of nervous impulses, and as such is the path of communication between two structures, the one situated in the central nervous system, and the other in the periphery. In the mixed nerve, such as the sciatic, the nerve fibres are distinguished as afferent or as efferent, according as they conduct impulses originating at the periphery, and received by a cell in the central nervous system, or vice versâ. It has long since been shown that nerve fibres are capable of conducting impulses in either direction, but normally, from their anatomical connections, the individual nerve fibres are conductors for impulses only in the one or in the other direction. This is proved by the Wallerian method of investigation, as on severance of the posterior spinal root distal to the ganglion only certain fibres degenerate and the conductivity of the nerve only for afferent impulses is lost, while the severance of the anterior root is followed by the degeneration of the remainder with loss of functions depending on efferent impulses.

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