Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858

1861 ◽  
Vol 7 (37) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex. John Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present State ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morbid Anatomy ◽  
The Brain

In my last lecture I endeavoured to explain the reasons why no one of the present theories of insanity was able to account for all the varieties of the disease. I founded this opinion partly upon the nature of the disorder itself, and partly upon our ignorance of the manner in which the minute internal structure of the brain and cord is altered by the symptoms, and partly upon the uncertain light which the present state of science throws upon the subject, and I pointed out the manner in which I hoped that future investigations might aid us in solving this difficult problem. In my present lecture I propose to speak of the morbid anatomy.

Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858

1861 ◽  
Vol 7 (36) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Alex. John Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morbid Anatomy

Insanity is a disease at once so interesting, and so important, that it is not surprising that the subject should have been chosen by some who have preceded me in delivering the Croonian Lectures. In 1832, Dr. Seymour lectured upon the Medical Treatment of Insanity; in 1848, Dr. Conolly referred in his Lectures, more particularly to the Moral Causes and the Moral Treatment of the Disease; and in 1853, you, Mr. President, delivered your valuable Lectures on Medical Testimony and Evidence in Cases of Lunacy.

scholarly journals XVIII. Observations on the posterior lobes of the cerebrum of the Quadrumana, with a description of the brain of a Galago

1862 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 376-381
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

After referring to the present state of our knowledge upon the subject, and especially to the descriptions recently given of the "posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle" and "hippocampus minor" in the Orang-Utang by Dr. Rolleston, in the Chimpanzee by Mr. Marshall, and in Ateles by Mr. Huxley, and the statements of M. Gratiolet, that the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle or " cavité ancyroïde " obtains an enormous development in Monkeys, the author proceeds to detail his own observations (which are illustrated by drawings and photographic representations) upon condition of these parts of the brains of animals belonging to the three families of the order Quadrumana .

scholarly journals Six-legged walking in insects: how CPGs, peripheral feedback, and descending signals generate coordinated and adaptive motor rhythms

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil S. Bidaye ◽  
Till Bockemühl ◽  
Ansgar Büschges
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neurobiological Research ◽  
Descending Influences ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Brain

Walking is a rhythmic locomotor behavior of legged animals, and its underlying mechanisms have been the subject of neurobiological research for more than 100 years. In this article, we review relevant historical aspects and contemporary studies in this field of research with a particular focus on the role of central pattern generating networks (CPGs) and their contribution to the generation of six-legged walking in insects. Aspects of importance are the generation of single-leg stepping, the generation of interleg coordination, and how descending signals influence walking. We first review how CPGs interact with sensory signals from the leg in the generation of leg stepping. Next, we summarize how these interactions are modified in the generation of motor flexibility for forward and backward walking, curve walking, and speed changes. We then review the present state of knowledge with regard to the role of CPGs in intersegmental coordination and how CPGs might be involved in mediating descending influences from the brain for the initiation, maintenance, modification, and cessation of the motor output for walking. Throughout, we aim to specifically address gaps in knowledge, and we describe potential future avenues and approaches, conceptual and methodological, with the latter emphasizing in particular options arising from the advent of neurogenetic approaches to this field of research and its combination with traditional approaches.

I. The Croonian Lecture. On the internal structure of the human brain, when examined in the microscope, as compared with that of fishes, insects and worms

1824 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Muscular Fibre ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

At the time this Lecture was instituted for the discovery of the principle on which muscular motion depends, the principle was supposed to be inherent in the muscular fibre itself: the numerous dissertations, therefore, which are registered in the Philosophical Transactions, are in general so many investigations into the properties of muscular fibres. This part of the subject may be considered as completely exhausted, although the principle on which the motion de­pends is not yet made out. This leads me to believe that we must extend our enquiries to the structure of the brain and nerves before we can arrive at it.

Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858

1861 ◽  
Vol 7 (38) ◽  
pp. 160-180
Author(s):  
Alex. John Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Royal College ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morbid Anatomy ◽  
Do So

The time allotted for the delivery of a lecture did not allow me to state, when we last met, the appearances found on dissection in the thorax and abdomen in cases of insanity.I will now do so very briefly, and will afterwards speak of that which I had proposed more particularly to form the subject of my present lecture, viz. the treatment of insanity.

ОЦІННО-МОТИВАЦІЙНИЙ КОМПОНЕНТ РЕФЛЕКСИВНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-214
Author(s):  
Олена Савченко
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
The Self ◽  
Reflective Activity ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Life Tasks ◽  
Self Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Favorable Conditions

У статті розглядається рефлексивна компетентність як інтегративне особистісне утворення, що формується в ході набуття суб’єктом рефлексивного досвіду при застосуванні різних форм рефлексивної активності, спрямованих на розв’язання визначених рефлексивних задач. У структурі рефлексивної компетентності оцінно-мотиваційний компонент виконує наступні функції: оцінку форм рефлексивної активності та її результатів, прогнозування можливих змін у процесі розв’язування проблемно-конфліктних ситуацій, визначення пріоритетних завдань подальшого розвитку себе як суб’єкта рефлексивної активності. На когнітивному рівні функціонує система критеріїв оцінювання власних форм рефлексивної активності, яка характеризується ступенем когнітивної складності, що відображає рівень диференціації та інтеграції системи. Функціонування оцінно-мотиваційного компонента на метакогнітивному рівні забезпечує система здібностей до прогнозування власної активності. Особистісний рівень представлений системою життєвих задач на саморозвиток, які стимулюють суб’єкта докладати зусилля щодо розвитку в себе певних якостей, формування певних вмінь та знань. Розрізненість елементів компонента є індикатором незавершеності процесу формування його внутрішньої структури, низький рівень інтеграції окремих складових не дозволяє системі ефективно компенсувати недорозвинені елементи. Найбільшу вагу у внутрішній структурі оцінно-мотиваційного компонента має показник сформованості системи здібностей до прогнозування власної активності, що підтверджує системотвірну функцію структур метакогнітивного рівня. In the article the reflective competence is seen as an integrative personal formation which develops in the process of acquiring of the reflective experience, when the subject is using various forms of the reflective activity for the solving of specific reflective tasks. In the structure of the reflective competence the value-motivational component performs such functions: an evaluation of forms of the reflective activity and its results, a prediction of the possible changes in the process of solving of the problem-conflict situations, a determining of the priorities for further development of himself as a subject of the reflective activity. The system of the criteria of an evaluating of the reflective activity`s forms functions on the cognitive level of the reflective competence. The level of the cognitive complexity is the basic feature of this system. The predictive abilities` system, that allows to form the expectations of the activity`s results, presents the value-motivational component on the metacognitive level. The system of the life tasks for the self-development, which stimulates the subject to make efforts to develop his own qualities, to form specific skills and knowledge, functions on the personal level. The fragmentation of the elements is an indicator of the incompleteness of the formation of the internal structure of the value-motivational component. The low level of integration of the separate elements does not allow effectively to compensate the functioning of the unformed elements of the system. The index of the formation of the abilities to predict his own activity has the greatest meaning in the internal structure of the value-motivational component. These data confirm the hypothesis about the system-forming function of the metacognitive structures that unite other structures. Thus the development of the predictive abilities will promote the increase of the abilities to the prediction of the others` behavior. An adequate assessment of other people significantly reduces the inconsistency of his own expectations and estimations of others. The development of the predictive abilities creates favorable conditions for the formation of the life tasks for the self-development to increase their value in the system of other tasks

scholarly journals Hubert Maitland Turnbull, 1875-1955

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 289-304 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hospital Medical ◽  
London Hospital ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morbid Anatomy ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Attention To Detail

Hubert Maitland Turnbull, who died on 29 September 1955 some eight years after retirement from the Chair of Morbid Anatomy at the London Hospital Medical College, occupied a position of eminence in British pathology. Not only was he greatly esteemed by his colleagues at the London but his influence extended widely throughout the medical schools of this and other countries of the Commonwealth. This was due not so much to his ability as an initiator and director of research, even though he was responsible for a considerable amount of valuable original work during his forty years at the London Hospital, but to a particular genius for accuracy of observation and meticulous attention to detail which he possessed in high degree and applied with almost religious fervour to everything that he did. Entering pathology at a time when many in this country held that morbid anatomy was a dead subject, Virchow, in their opinion, having left little new territory to be explored, Turnbull set himself to revolutionize morbid anatomical practice and to raise the subject to the level of a science. And so well did he succeed that he proved a source of inspiration not only to his fellow pathologists and those young graduates who chose to emulate him, but also to the much wider circle of clinicians who sought the privilege of working for a time in his department as a prelude to specialization in some other branch of medicine.

History of Mathematics in the Islamic World: The Present State of the Art

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
Islamic Mathematics

In Recent Years, many discoveries in the history of Islamic mathematics have not been reported outside the specialist literature, even though they raise issues of interest to a larger audience. Thus, our aim in writing this survey is to provide to scholars of Islamic culture an account of the major themes and discoveries of the last decade of research on the history of mathematics in the Islamic world. However, the subject of mathematics comprised much more than what a modern mathematician might think of as belonging to mathematics, so our survey is an overview of what may best be called the “mathematical sciences” in Islam; that is, in addition to such topics as arithmetic, algebra, and geometry we will also be interested in mechanics, optics, and mathematical instruments.

scholarly journals VI. On the comparative structure of the brain in rodents

1882 ◽  
Vol 33 (216-219) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Comparative Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

I have endeavoured in this abstract to summarise the results of my recent researches into the minute structure of the brain in the smaller Rodents. The pig and sheep, which were the subjects of my former memoir, possess a highly developed olfactory apparatus conjoined to a well convoluted cortical surface; but in the smaller animals now under consideration the surface of the hemispheres is almost perfectly smooth, while the olfactory organ, from its comparative size and complex relationship, has an important part to play in the architecture of the brain. Animals possessing the latter type of cerebrum have been classed together as the Osmatic Lissencéphales, in contradistinction to those which were the subject of my former enquiries, the Osmatic Gyren-céphales. My researches into the structure of the brain of prominent members of the former group, viz., the rabbit and rat, may be considered under two heads:— ( a .) The histology of the complete cortical envelope.

The Consumers Union Report on Family Planning

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-122
Author(s):  
KENNETH J. RYAN
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Present State ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Source Book ◽  
Union Report ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lay Reader

This short publication covers the subject of family planning with regard to both the use of contraceptive methods for preventing pregnancy and the infertility evaluation for those who cannot conceive. A short introductory chapter is devoted to a discussion of the physiology of ovulation and fertilization. The material is well organized and reasonably comprehensive for the lay reader. In addition, it is a fair and accurate summary of our present state of knowledge. The book has a pleasing format and is executed with taste. While this material is suitable for the educated layman, there is, as yet, no completely satisfactory source book for the physician.

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