The Reaction of the Urine in 120 Cases of Mental Disorder

1923 ◽  
Vol 69 (286) ◽  
pp. 327-330
Author(s):  
James Walker
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
Characteristic Zone

Two methods are available to determine the reaction of a fluid. The first is the method of titration for acidity or alkalinity, in which a standard solution of acid or alkali is added until a certain change in the colour of a suitable indicator is detected. The second method is to determine the hydrogen-ion concentration present in the fluid. The latter is the only satisfactory method of measuring the reaction of a fluid. The hydrogen-ion concentration expresses the reaction of neutral, acid and alkaline solutions. The electrical is the standard method, but for clinical purposes is too intricate. The colorimetric method is less complicated. It is based upon the fact that each indicator has a characteristic zone of hydrogen-ion concentrations within which its colour changes occur. For details as to the theory and technique of this method, the reader may be referred to Clarke and Lubs (J. Bacteriol., 1917, ii), and Cole (Practical Physiological Chem., pp. 19–30).

On the measurement of hydrogen-ion concentrations in soil by means of the quinhydrone electrode

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Biilmann
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Soil Mixtures

The measurement of the hydrogen-ion concentration of soils often presents great difficulties. When ordinary hydrogen electrodes are used, constant potentials are, in many cases, only obtained after hydrogen has been passed for several hours, while in many instances hydrogen electrodes cannot be used at all. The other important method of determining “pH,” the colorimetric method, can only be used in testing clear and almost colourless soil extracts, but not in testing soil mixtures.

scholarly journals A Colorimetric Method for Studying the Dissociation of Oxyhæmocyanin suitable for Class Work

1925 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 970-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. A. Pantin ◽  
Lancelot T. Hogben
Keyword(s):  
Marked Effect ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Class ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Limits Of Error

1. A simple colorimetric method for plotting the dissociation curve of haemocyanin is indicated. The limits of error are within 5 per cent. The simplicity of the method commends it for laboratory class work.2. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the dissociation of the hsemocyanins of the crustacean Palinurus and the pulmonate Helix have been compared. In the snail change of hydrogen ion concentration over a wide range was not found to affect the dissociation of the hsemocyanin: in 'the crustacean there is a marked effect similar to that seen in the dissociation of hæmoglobin.3. The similarity of crustacean hsemocyanin to haemoglobin is also seen in that increasing temperature depresses the dissociation curve. The effects of certain salts upon haemocyanin. have also been recorded.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION, ACID DEATH-POINT, AND DISSOLUTION OF THE ORGANISM

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick T. Lord ◽  
Robert N. Nye
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Cent Glucose ◽  
Fluid Media

1. In the growth and death of the pneumococcus in fluid media containing 1 per cent glucose the production of acid is the most important bactericidal factor. 2. 1 per cent glucose bouillon cultures of the pneumococcus allowed to grow and die out usually reach a final acidity of a pH of about 5.1. 3. At a hydrogen ion concentration of about 5.1 or higher, the pneumococcus does not survive longer than a few hours. 4. In hydrogen ion concentrations of about 6.8 to 7.4 the pneumococcus may live for at least many days. 5. In the intervening hydrogen ion concentrations, between 6.8 and 5.1, the pneumococcus is usually killed with a rapidity which bears a direct relation to the hydrogen ion concentration; i.e., the greater the acidity the more rapid is the death. 6. Cloudy suspensions of washed pneumococci in hydrogen ion concentrations varying from 8.0 to 4.0 show, after incubation, dissolution of organisms in lower hydrogen ion concentrations than about 5.0. This dissolution is most marked at about 5.0 to 6.0. Some dissolution also takes place toward the more alkaline end of the scale. No dissolution occurs at the most acid end of the scale.

scholarly journals THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SOLID PARTICLES

1923 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace O. Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Electrode Potentials

1. Leucocytes ingest quartz particles more readily than carbon in acid solutions, and carbon more readily than quartz in alkaline solutions. 2. In the presence of acacia carbon is always preferred to quartz even in acid solutions. 3. Manganese dioxide particles are ingested by leucocytes with extraordinary rapidity as compared with manganese silicate or quartz. 4. Leucocytes are not attracted toward carbon or quartz particles but manganese dioxide exerts a distinct attraction for them. 5. Spores of Penicillium are ingested more readily than quartz. 6. Very small quartz particles, 1 micron in diameter, are not ingested as readily as larger particles of the same material. This result being contrary to the predictions of surface tension indicates that some other factor is involved in the ingestion of these small particles. 7. Measurements of the carbon electrode potentials and the cataphoretic charges on the particles have failed to supply an explanation for the varying relative rates of ingestion of carbon and quartz with varying hydrogen ion concentration.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE PNEUMONIC LUNG TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION. AN EXPLANATION OF RESOLUTION

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Proteolytic Enzyme ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Cellular Material ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen

Evidence is given of the presence in the cellular material obtained from the pneumonic lung of a proteolytic enzyme digesting coagulated blood serum at hydrogen ion concentrations of 7.3 to 6.7 and inactive at higher; i.e., more acid concentrations. In addition, evidence is brought forward of the presence in the cellular material from the pneumonic lung of a proteolytic enzyme splitting peptone to amino-acid nitrogen. This enzyme is operative at hydrogen ion concentrations from 8.0 to 4.8, but most active at 6.3 or 5.2. These findings may be regarded as having a bearing on resolution in pneumonia. During the course of the disease a gradual increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the exudate probably takes place. With the breaking down of cellular material an enzyme digesting protein (fibrin) in weakly alkaline and weakly acid media may be liberated. With a gradual increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the pneumonic lung the action of this enzyme probably ceases. An enzyme capable of splitting peptone to amino-acid nitrogen is probably active during the proteolysis of the fibrin and further activated when the hydrogen ion concentration of the pneumonic lung is increased to within its range of optimum activity at a pH of 6.3 and 5.2. By this means it may be conceived that the exudate is dissolved and resolution takes place.

scholarly journals THE OPTIMUM HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION FOR THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Dernby ◽  
O. T. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations

1. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for the growth of the various types of pneumococcus is a pH of about 7.8. 2. The limiting hydrogen ion concentrations for the growth of pneumococcus are a pH of 7.0 and a pH of 8.3. 3. Phosphates used in adjusting reactions of media retard growth if present in a concentration greater than 0.1 molecular. 4. Culture media for pneumococci should, therefore, have an initial reaction between a pH of 7.8 and 8.0 and a total salt concentration not exceeding 0.1 M.

scholarly journals The influence of hydrogen-ion concentration upon the adsorption of weak electrolytes by pure charcoal.—Part II

1931 ◽  
Vol 133 (821) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Adsorption From Solutions ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Preferential Adsorption ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
Adsorption Curve

In a recent communication results were described which indicate that propionic, hexoic, and succinic acids are adsorbed by purified charcoal only as unionised molecules. There was no evidence that anions of these acids were adsorbed to any measurable extent. Thus the amount of these acids adsorbed from mixed solutions of any one acid and its sodium salt is propor­tional to the amount of unionised acid present as calculated from the known ionisation constants and the hydrogen-ion concentration of the solutions. Further work has led to the conclusion that the presence of an unionised carboxyl group is essential for adsorption to take place. On the other hand, the adsorption curve for the bases n -propylamine and n -butylamine at different hydrogen-ion concentrations did not follow the ionisation curves very closely.Strong preferential adsorption of the unionised molecule was observed but there was quite considerable adsorption from solutions of such acidity that no unionised amine could exist in them. The adsorption of both bases was found to fall off gradually and continuously with increasing acidity from p H 11 to P H 3. In view of the fact that the charcoal used in this work was Norit charcoal purified by treatment with strong halogen acids, it was thought possible that very small traces of these acids remained after the washing to which the char­coal was subjected, and that these traces of acid caused the adsorption of basic ions by direct chemical combination.

The hydrogen-ion concentration of heavy alkaline soils

1923 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Joseph ◽  
F. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Routine Work

(1) The colorimetric method is unsuited to the examination of heavy, alkaline soils owing to the turbidity of the suspension.(2) Where the nature of the suspension permits of colorimetric determinations being made, they agree with those obtained electrometrically: with the latter method practically identical results are obtained using soil-water mixtures or moderately clear extracts.(3) No disturbing effect is likely to be introduced by amounts of nitrate up to 500 parts per million of soil.(4) Owing to the effect on the pH of a soil suspension caused by varying the proportion of water and time of extraction, these conditions should be fixed for routine work. We have found 1 hour's extraction with 5 parts of water satisfactory.(5) On account of the amphoteric or buffer nature of clay, soil shifts the reaction of acids and alkalis in the direction of neutrality.(6) The effect of sodium salts on a soil is to displace aluminium and so reduce alkalinity: the residual soil after leaching is found to be more alkaline.(7) The effect of drying alkaline soil is to cause the pH of the extract to be lower than that obtained from the undried soil. If however the time of extraction is prolonged, the differences disappear almost entirely.

scholarly journals THE ISOELECTRIC POINTS OF THE PROTEINS IN CERTAIN VEGETABLE JUICES

1919 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin J. Cohn ◽  
Joseph Gross ◽  
Omer C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Carrot Juice ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Isoelectric Points

The state in which a protein substance exists depends upon the nature of its combination with acids or bases and is changed by change in the protein compound. The nature of the compound of a protein that exists at any hydrogen ion concentration can be ascertained if the isoelectric point of the protein is known. Accordingly information regarding the isoelectric points of vegetable proteins is of importance for operations in which it may be desirable to change the state of protein substances, as in the dehydration of vegetables. The Protein in Potato Juice.—The hydrogen ion concentration of the filtered juice of the potato is in the neighborhood of 10–7N. Such juice contains the globulin tuberin to the extent of from 1 to 2 per cent. The character of the compound of tuberin that exists in nature was suggested by its anodic migration in an electric field. The addition of acid to potato juice dissociated this compound and liberated tuberin at its isoelectric point. The isoelectric point of tuberin coincided with a slightly lower hydrogen ion concentration than 10–4N. At that reaction it existed most nearly uncombined. The flow of current during cataphoresis was greatest in the neighborhood of the isoelectric point. This evidence supplements that of the direction of the migration of tuberin, since it also suggests the existence of the greatest number of uncombined ions near this point. At acidities greater than the isoelectric point tuberin combined with acid. The compound that was formed contained nearly three times as much acid as was needed to dissociate the tuberin compound that existed in nature. At such acidities tuberin migrated to the cathode. Though never completely precipitated tuberin was least soluble in the juice of the potato in the neighborhood of its isoelectric point. Both the compounds of tuberin with acids and with bases were more soluble in the juice than was uncombined tuberin. The nature of the slight precipitate that separated when potato juice was made slightly alkaline was not determined. The Protein in Carrot Juice.—The isoelectric point of the protein in carrot juice coincided with that of tuberin. Remarkably similar also were the properties of carrot juice and the juice of the potato. Existing in nature at nearly the same reaction they combined with acids and bases to nearly the same extent and showed minima in solubility at the same hydrogen ion concentrations. The greatest difference in behavior concerned the alkaline precipitate which, in the carrot, was nearly as great as the acid precipitate. The Protein in Tomato Juice.—The protein of the tomato existed in a precipitated form near its isoelectric point. Accordingly it was not present to any extent in filtered tomato juice. If, however, the considerable acidity at which the tomato exists was neutralized the protein dissolved and was filterable. It then migrated to the anode in an electric field. The addition of sufficient acid to make the hydrogen ion concentration slightly greater than 10–5N again precipitated the protein at its isoelectric point. At greater acidities migration was cathodic.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE H ION CONCENTRATION ON THE AVAILABILITY OF IRON FOR CHLORELLA SP

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Hopkins ◽  
F. B. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The data obtained in these experiments indicate clearly that unless the necessary precautions are taken to keep the iron of the culture medium in solution the results obtained by varying the H ion concentration will not represent the true effect of this factor on growth. The availability of iron in nutrient solutions has been the subject of numerous recent investigations and it is now known that iron is precipitated at the lower hydrogen ion concentrations, that the iron of certain iron salts is less likely to be precipitated than that of others, and that certain salts of organic acids tend to keep the iron in solution. In general, ferric citrate seems to be the most favorable source of iron. In addition to chemical precipitation, however, it is also possible for the iron to be removed by adsorption on an amorphous precipitate such as calcium phosphate. As this precipitate is frequently formed when nutrient solutions are made alkaline, this may account for the discordant results reported in the literature as to the availability of certain forms of iron. By omitting calcium from the culture solution iron can be maintained in a form available for growth in alkaline solutions by the addition of sodium citrate. In such solutions the maximum growth of Chlorella occurred at pH 7.5. The alkaline limit for growth has not been established as yet. In investigating the availability of iron at varying concentrations of the hydrogen ion, changes in the pH value of the solution during the course of an experiment should also be taken into account. This is especially important in unbuffered solutions. The differential absorption of the ions of ammonium salts may cause a marked increase in the hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn will cause an increase in the solubility of iron. In strongly buffered solutions as used in these experiments this effect is slight.

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