Metabolism in the Insane

1911 ◽  
Vol 57 (237) ◽  
pp. 327-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Mackenzie Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Physiological Chemistry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scanty Information ◽  
The Individual

The investigation of the problems of metabolism has now become almost exclusively the domain of the chemical physiologist. Much valuable information regarding the method of utilisation of the food-stuffs which enter the body has been ascertained by a study of the excretions. The physiological chemist has, however, passed beyond the boundaries connecting the income and output of these substances. He now seeks to trace the different transformations and combinations which take place in the body, and to connect up all the links of the chain. These changes are intimately bound up with the individual cells, and their metabolism. Unfortunately our knowledge of the cell is at present very limited, but it will be seen how important even this scanty information is to the subject under discussion. It becomes more and more evident every day that pathological changes in the tissues and cells of the body must be considered not only from a morphological point of view, but also from the purely metabolic standpoint. A disturbance in the metabolism of the cell may in time make itself evident, but it is quite conceivable that such changes are taking place without any definite anatomical signs. On the other hand, a morphological change may produce only a very slight derangement of cell metabolism, so slight as to escape recognition. The study, therefore, of pathology with physiological chemistry for its foundation, offers a wide field for further investigation. The object of the present communication is twofold, namely, to correlate the known facts with regard to metabolism in the insane, and to emphasise the importance of studying cellular metabolism in its relation to pathological disturbances.

scholarly journals I. On the causes which produce the phenomena of new stars

1891 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 397-448
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Curve ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Normal Case ◽  
Complete Discussion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physical Constitution

In communications to the Society during the last three years I have produced evidence to show that many so-called stars, instead of being bodies like the Sun, are composed of swarms of meteorites. I have also discussed the spectroscopic evidence which suggests that such stars are increasing their temperature, and, taking a normal case of an undisturbed swarm, 1 have shown, by means of a temperature curve, the spectra produced by the same mass of meteorites in its evolution from a nebula to a condensed and nearly cold body. In considering this question the appearance of so called “New Stars” was referred to, and it was suggested that such appearances might be due to the collision of meteor swarms or streams in space, an idea which I first put forward in 1877 with regard to Nova Cygni. It became obvious then that a complete discussion of these phenomena would afford a valuable test of the general hypothesis, for the reason that such bodies, instead of going forward along the temperature curve, should go back as they cooled and became invisible. All the observations, therefore, have been brought together, and have been discussed from this point of view. These discussions form the subject matter of the present communication. The investigation has particular reference to the sequence of the spectra of Novæ, from their appearance to their diminution to invisibility. In the absence of spectroscopic observations the changes of colour that have been recorded afford a means of arriving at some idea of the physical constitution of the body observed.

scholarly journals Choosing school underachievement as a way to resist power

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Dzinovic ◽  
Jelena Pavlovic ◽  
Dusan Stojnov
Keyword(s):  
School Success ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Good Education ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
Active Choice ◽  
Education School ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Resistance To Power ◽  
The Individual

Underachievement in school is seen as a failure in traditional theories of education. An alternative construction of school underachievement, from the point of view of Michel Foucault? s approach to power and George Kelly's principle of elaborative choice, is offered as the subject matter of this paper. Instead of being construed exclusively as a measure of good education school success can be seen as the effect of normalization based on the power of discourses dominating in a society. In the same time, underachievement can be seen as a form of resistance to dominant discourse, as well as a way of defining identity in accordance with marginalized discourses whose significance is not recognized or respected from the point of school authorities. The prevailing tradition of European rationality treats poor achievement as a case of norm deviation. The individual perspectives are discounted as irrational and disordered behavior, requiring treatment. Kelly however, asserts that claims of irrationality reflect poor understanding of individual perspectives. When individuals resist the dominant discourse and underachieve despite their abilities, they are making an active choice which should be understood from their point of view. The choice someone makes is always an elaborative choice. Thus underachievement may be construed as resistance to power, based on the principle of elaborative choice.

scholarly journals Hegelian Phenomenology of Spirit and Boxing Fight

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Phenomenology Of Spirit ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Absolute Synthesis

Abstract In the presented text the author points out to anthropological as well as axiological foundations of the boxing fight from the viewpoint of Hegel’s philosophy. In the genial idealist’s views it is possible to perceive the appreciation of the body, which constitutes a necessary basis for the man’s physical activity, for his work oriented towards the self-transformation and the transformation of the external world, as well as for rivalry and the hand-to-hand fight. While focusing our attention on the issue of rivalry and on the situation of the fight - and regarding it from the viewpoint of the master - slave theory (included in the phenomenology of spirit), it is possible to proclaim that even a conventionalised boxing fight - that is, restricted by cultural and sports rules of the game - has features of the fight to the death between two Hegelian forms of selfknowledge striving for self-affirmation and self-realisation. In the boxing fight, similarly as in the above mentioned Hegelian theory, a problem of work and of the development of the human individual (that is, of the subject, self-knowledge, the participant of the fight) appears. There appears also a prospect of death as a possible end of merciless rivalry. The fight revalues the human way in an important way, whereas the prospect for death, the awareness of its proximity, the feeling that its close and possible, saturates the life with additional values. It places the boxer, just like every subject fighting in a similar or a different way, on the path towards absolute abstraction - that is, it brings him closer to his self-fulfilment in the Absolute, to the absolute synthesis. The Hegelian viewpoint enables also to appreciate the boxing fight as a manifestation of low culture (being in contrast with high culture), to turn attention to the relations which - according to Hegel - take place between the Absolute and the man, as well as to show which place is occupied by the subject both in the process of the Absolute’s self-realisation and in the German thinker’s philosophical system. Independently of the dialectical, simultaneously pessimistic and optimistic overtone of considerations connected with the very boxing fight (regarding destruction and spiritualisation on a higher level), it is possible to perceive farreaching appreciation of the human individual in Hegel’s philosophy since the Absolute cannot make its own self-affirmation without the individual, without the human body, without the fight aimed at the destruction of the enemy and without the subjective consciousness and the collective consciousness which appear thanks to this fight. Thus, it is justified to suppose that the foundation of the whole Hegel’s philosophy is constituted by anthropology and that in the framework of this anthropology a special role is played by the fight and by work, which changes the subject and his(her) environment. Admittedly Hegel does not emphasise it explicitly, nevertheless his views (with their centre, which, according to Hegel himself and his interpreters, is constituted by the Absolute) have, as a matter of fact, an anthropocentric character and the main source of the subject’s development is the struggle which, irrespectively of its result, always primarily leads to the destruction or even to the death of one of the sides, just like in the boxing fight. However, it is also a germ of the positive re-orientation of the subject, the beginning and a continuation of that what the phenomenology of the spirit describes as a movement towards absolute abstraction.

scholarly journals Artrose i Norge

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Slatkowsky-Christensen ◽  
Margreth Grotle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
The Individual

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex process affecting many different joint areas in the body. The joints most commonly affected are the knees, hips, and hands. From a patho-physiological point of view, some features are crucial for the diagnosis, such as cartilage fibrillation and thinning, subchondral sclerosis and the presence of osteophytes. The currently most widely used definitions of OA include pathogenetic features (mechanical and biological events), morphologic features (changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone) as well as clinical features (joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, limitation of movement, crepitus and occasionally inflammation/effusion).<br />The features that until now have been used for diagnosis and classification are based on radiographic and/or clinical descriptions. From a clinical perspective, OA is the most prevalent rheumatic joint disorder, causing pain and stiffness of the joints and for the individual impaired function and health status. For epidemiological descriptions of prevalence and incidence of OA, radiographic criteria are the most reliable and commonly used. Definitions of radiographic OA include descriptions of cartilage thinning (such as joint space narrowing), subchondral bone involvement (sclerosis) and/or the presence and grading of osteophytes. Although there are geographical variations in the occurrence of OA of different joint areas, OA is seen in all populations studied. The prevalence and incidence estimates show a vide variation, however. Still the epidemiological studies of OA are hampered by a number of factors including different definitions of the disorder, different subsets of disease, and low degree of correlation between different definitions (radiographic vs clinical). Several highly suggested risk factors have been identified for knee OA. Several of these may be important targets for intervention or prevention, such as physical activity, body mass index, nutritional constituents and quadriceps strength. There is a need for prospective studies evaluating risk factors in hip and hand OA. Although there are problems in studying OA epidemiologically, the available data have shown that OA is an extremely common and disabling disorder. Through a further development of both epidemiological and other methods of OA research, this area can continue to be exciting and rapidly developing.

Imaging and the Human Brain Project: A Review

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rosse ◽  
J. F. Brinkley
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Imaging Informatics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Brain Project ◽  
The Us ◽  
Physical Organization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Summary Objectives: Survey current work primarily funded by the US Human Brain Project (HBP) that involves substantial use of images. Organize this work around a framework based on the physical organization of the body. Methods: Pointers to individual research efforts were obtained through the HBP home page as well as personal contacts from HBP annual meetings. References from these sources were followed to find closely related work. The individual research efforts were then studied and characterized. Results: The subject of the review is the intersection of neuroinformatics (information about the brain), imaging informatics (information about images), and structural informatics (information about the physical structure of the body). Of the 30 funded projects currently listed on the HBP web site, at least 22 make heavy use of images. These projects are described in terms of broad categories of structural imaging, functional imaging, and image-based brain information systems. Conclusions: Understanding the most complex entity known (the brain) gives rise to many interesting and difficult problems in informatics and computer science. Although much progress has been made by HBP and other neuroinformatics researchers, a great many problems remain that will require substantial informatics research efforts. Thus, the HPB can and should be seen as an excellent driving application area for biomedical informatics research.

La sociologie de la religion en Grèce

1975 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Anastase Tzanimis
Keyword(s):  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theological Thought

Sociology of religion has not developed in Greece as it has in the western countries. It is not easy to determine the reasons for the scarcity of studies and research projects con cerning sociology of religion. In fact, neither religion, taken as a universal social phenomenon, nor orthodox theological thought and its application to the individual and to the social, political and economic life of the Greek people have been sufficiently studied from a sociological point of view. Con temporary Greek sociologists have only touched on the subject of religion. Some effort has been made during the last decade by young Greek theologians to properly establish and develop the science of sociology of religion. This effort, however, has, so far, not brought about the anticipated scientific results. Moreover, it has failed to gain the confidence and acknow ledgement in theological and ecclesiastical circles where socio logy as a science is still generally regarded with much re servation. It should be noted that the development of sociology of religion in Greece was first prompted by various Christian — social movements for the purpose of opposing several anti- Christian ideological movements which have appeared since the beginning of our century.

Aristotle and the Dramatisation of Legend

1954 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
H. C. Baldry
Keyword(s):  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scanty Information ◽  
The One ◽  
Traditional Stories

This article is a survey of familiar ground—those passages of the Poetics of Aristotle which throw light on the treatment of legend by the tragic poets. Although sweeping generalizations are often made on the use of the traditional stories in drama, our evidence on the subject is slight and inconclusive. We have little knowledge of the form in which most of the legends were known to the Attic playwrights, for the few we find in the Iliad and Odyssey appear there in very different versions from those they take on in the plays, and the fragmentary remains of epic and lyric poetry between Homer and the fifth century B.C. present us with a wide field for speculation, but few certain facts; while vase paintings and other works of art supplement only here and there the scanty information gained from literature.The comments of ancient writers on this aspect of tragedy are surprisingly few, and carry us little farther. The Poetics stands out as the one source from which we can draw any substantial account of the matter. Even Aristotle, of course, is not directly concerned with the history of drama, and deals with it only incidentally in isolated passages; and in considering these it must constantly be borne in mind that he is discussing tragedy as he knew it in the late fourth century, for the benefit of fourth-century readers. But even so, his statements are the main foundation on which our view of the dramatists' use of legend must be built.

scholarly journals Experiments on the friction and abrasion of the surfaces of solids

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Horizontal Surface ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Surface Time ◽  
Previous Contact ◽  
The Subject

The first part of this paper is occupied by a rapid review of the labours of mechanicians on the subject of friction, from the period of those of Amontons at the end of the 17th century, to those of Coulomb and of Vince in the years 1779 and 1784; from which the author draws the conclusion that the progress of knowledge in this department of science has been slow and unsatisfactory, and that a wide field is still left open to experimental investigation. With a view to elucidate several points not yet sufficiently ascertained by former writers, the author instituted several sets of experiments; some calculated to determine the forces required for dragging bodies of various kinds along a horizontal surface, and others for measuring the angle at which a plane was required to be inclined to the horizon in order to admit of the body sliding down it, attention being paid to the circumstances of pressure, extent of surface, time of previous contact, and velocity of motion. The following are the principal conclusions which the author deduces from his experiments. The friction of ice rubbing upon ice diminishes with an increase of weight; but without observing any regular law of increase. When dry leather is made to move along a plate of cast iron, the resistance is but little influenced by the extent of surface. With fibrous substances, such as cloth, the friction diminishes by an increase of pressure, but is greatly increased by the surfaces remaining for a certain time in contact; it is greater, cœteris paribus , with fine, than with coarse cloths; the resistance is also much increased by an increase of surface. With regard to the friction of different woods against each other, great diversity and irregularity prevail in the results obtained; in general the soft woods give more resistance than the hard woods: thus, yellow deal affords the greatest, and red teak the least friction. The friction of different metals also varies principally according to their respective hardness; the soft metals producing greater friction under similar circumstances than those which are hard. Within the limits of abrasion, however, the amount of friction is nearly the same in all the metals, and may in general be estimated at one sixth of the pressure. The power which unguents have in diminishing friction, varies according to the kind of the fluidity of the particular unguent employed, and to the pressure applied.

«Quanta» Language Consciousness and Problems in the Functioning of the Communicative Norms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Татьяна Черкашина ◽  
Tatiana Cherkashina ◽  
Н. Новикова ◽  
N. Novikova ◽  
О. Трубина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the conceptualization of the world from the point of view of its methodological paradigm assessment in the context of the globalizing world. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between language and human speech activity is given. The authors explain the role of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the formation of worldview systems that develop in the consciousness with the help of minimal units of human experience in their ideal meaningful representation in special concepts, which allows the individual to think within the boundaries of a certain linguistic picture of the world. Analyzes the problems of the functioning of communicative norms with regard to the hierarchy of the spiritual representations of the world. The article attempts to consider the impact of the “blurring” of the information boundaries of the globalizing world on the cognitive abilities of the individual in the nomination, qualification of the subject, phenomenon, process.

Der strībhedavarana-khaa in der Padumāvatī des Malik Muammad Jāyasī

1975 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-221
Author(s):  
Dieter B. Kapp
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Sanskrit Literature ◽  
Literary Source ◽  
Erotic Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Interpretation

AbstractThe present article is concerned with “the chapter of the description of the [four] categories of women”, the strībhedavarana-khaa, which comprises the stanzas 463–467 of the great romantic poem Padumāvatī. It was composed ca. 1540 A.D. by the Muslim poet Malik Muammad Jāyasī, the most significant representative of the ūfī poets of Oudh, in Old Avadhi, the language of his native country.This study opens with a general introduction about the author and his chef-d'œuvre, which also gives the contents of the epic. The subject dealt with here is introduced by a short synopsis on the tradition of the description of the four categories of women, i.e. padminī, citriī, śakhinī, and hastinī, in Sanskrit erotic literature. Text and translation of the strībhedavarana-khaa, together with exhaustive notes, form the greater part of this article. The notes which appear after the translation of each verse, aim mainly at comparing Jāyasī's conception of the four categories of women with those held by authors of Sanskrit texts on this subject. For purpose of comparison, more than ten Sanskrit texts, beginning with Kokkoka's Ratirahasya, which was composed before 1200 A.D., have been cited. Besides, various quotations both from Sanskrit literature and from Arabic narrative literature have been given as illustrative examples, particularly in those cases, where no parallels for specific details in Jāyasī's description could be found in the Sanskrit texts referred to.The comparison of Jāyasī's conception of the four categories of women with those held by Kokkoka and his epigones, points to the conclusion that probably Jāyasī has not used any definite literary source for writing this particular chapter, but rather has relied upon possibly wide-spread popular traditions of this system of classification of women.Two conspicuous peculiarities in Jāyasī's very detailed description which are worthy of special note, have been discussed at the conclusion of the introductory remarks. The first is the “confusion” of the termini sakhinī and sighinī, that has been imputed to the poet by several editors of his œuvre; from my point of view, however, this “confusion” was fully intended by the author. The second peculiarity is Jāyasī's apparently individual interpretation of the so-called “sixteen śgāras”, i.e. “methods of decoration of the body”, which combined with the “twelve ābharaas”, i.e. “ornaments”, are generally known as the complete ornamentation of woman. According to Jāyasī, the “sixteen śgāras” are the “sixteen physical refinements”, divided into four groups: (1) four parts of the body (in the widest sense of the word) having “longness”, i.e. hair, fingers, eyes, neck, (2) four having “shortness”, i.e. teeth, breasts, forehead, navel, (3) four having “broadness”, i.e. cheeks, buttocks, arms, calves, and (4) four having “slenderness”, i.e. nose, waist, belly, lips.

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