The Development of Memory in Children [Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Gedachtnissentwickelung bei Schülkindern]. (Zeits. f. Psych., Bd. xxvii, H. 1 and 2, 1901.) Lobsien. Marx.

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
Havelock Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Exact Order ◽  
Average Order ◽  
Visual Words ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Simultaneous Development ◽  
Experimentelle Untersuchungen ◽  
Group A ◽  
Unknown Words

These experiments were made on 238 boys and 224 girls, between the ages of 9 and 14, in the schools at Kiel. Eight different kinds of memory were investigated, involving in each group a test of the ability to remember in exact order nine sensory impressions (nine objects exhibited in succession, nine figures repeated, nine names of visual objects repeated, nine names of states of feeling, nine difficult unknown words, etc.). Among the boys the average order of excellence reached was as follows (in decreasing values): real things, figures, words referring to touch, visual words, words representing sounds, actual sounds, words referring to feelings, difficult words. In every group (except that of objects exhibited) there was a regular improvement with age. In regard to objects seen, sounds heard, and representations of feeling, there was a marked improvement in memory about the thirteenth year. The memory for figures, and for sound-words, touch-words, and feeling-words, showed most rapid development at an earlier age (ten to eleven years). There was no tendency to a simultaneous development in all the groups; mental energy seemed to be concentrated on one group at a time.

The Development of Memory in Children [Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Gedachtnissentwickelung bei Schülkindern]. (Zeits. f. Psych., Bd. xxvii, H. 1 and 2, 1901.) Lobsien. Marx

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
Havelock Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Exact Order ◽  
Average Order ◽  
Visual Words ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Simultaneous Development ◽  
Experimentelle Untersuchungen ◽  
Group A ◽  
Unknown Words

These experiments were made on 238 boys and 224 girls, between the ages of 9 and 14, in the schools at Kiel. Eight different kinds of memory were investigated, involving in each group a test of the ability to remember in exact order nine sensory impressions (nine objects exhibited in succession, nine figures repeated, nine names of visual objects repeated, nine names of states of feeling, nine difficult unknown words, etc.). Among the boys the average order of excellence reached was as follows (in decreasing values): real things, figures, words referring to touch, visual words, words representing sounds, actual sounds, words referring to feelings, difficult words. In every group (except that of objects exhibited) there was a regular improvement with age. In regard to objects seen, sounds heard, and representations of feeling, there was a marked improvement in memory about the thirteenth year. The memory for figures, and for sound-words, touch-words, and feeling-words, showed most rapid development at an earlier age (ten to eleven years). There was no tendency to a simultaneous development in all the groups; mental energy seemed to be concentrated on one group at a time.

scholarly journals Streptolysin O concentration and activity is central to in vivo phenotype and disease outcome in Group A Streptococcus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Clarke ◽  
Murielle Baltazar ◽  
Mansoor Alsahag ◽  
Stavros Panagiotou ◽  
Marion Pouget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Disease Outcome ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Streptolysin O ◽  
Group A

AbstractGroup A Streptoccocus (GAS) is among the most diverse of all human pathogens, responsible for a range of clinical manifestations, from mild superficial infections such as pharyngitis to serious invasive infections such as necrotising fasciitis and sepsis. The drivers of these different disease phenotypes are not known. The GAS cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, Streptolysin O (SLO), has well established cell and tissue destructive activity. We investigated the role of SLO in determining disease outcome in vivo, by using two different clinical lineages; the recently emerged hypervirulent outbreak emm type 32.2 strains, which result in sepsis, and the emm type 1.0 strains which cause septic arthritis. Using clinically relevant in vivo mouse models of sepsis and a novel septic arthritis model, we found that the amount and activity of SLO was vital in determining the course of infection. The emm type 32.2 strain produced large quantities of highly haemolytic SLO that resulted in rapid development of sepsis. By contrast, the reduced concentration and lower haemolytic activity of emm type 1.0 SLO led to translocation of bacteria from blood to joints. Importantly, sepsis associated strains that were attenuated by deletion or inhibition of SLO, then also translocated to the joint, confirming the key role of SLO in determining infection niche. Our findings demonstrate that SLO is key to in vivo phenotype and disease outcome. Careful consideration should be given to novel therapy or vaccination strategies that target SLO. Whilst neutralising SLO activity may reduce severe invasive disease, it has the potential to promote chronic inflammatory conditions such as septic arthritis.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERHITUNG MELALUI MEDIA DADU GEOMETRI PADA ANAK KELOMPOK A

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
Dwi Rosyidatul Kholidah
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Group A ◽  
Academic Year

Children are individual figures who are undergoing a process of very rapid development for life and organization which is a physical and spiritual unity that is intact with all its biological and psychological structures and devices so that it becomes a unique figure. Children experience a fundamental development process which means that development experiences at an early age can have a strong and long-term effect so that they underlie the child's subsequent developmental processes. Every child has a number of potential, both physical, biological, cognitive, and social emotional potential. The design of this study uses class action research (Classroom Action Research) with two cycles, where each cycle consists of four stages: planning, implementation, observation and reflection, while the instrument uses observation and documentation. The subjects of this study were 25 children of Group A in Mentari Harapan Blimbing Paciran Lamongan in the Academic Year of 2017/2018. Data analysis was carried out by means of descriptive qualitative with 65% individual completeness and 85% grade completeness. In this section, it can be concluded that, media playing geometry dice can improve numeracy skills in children in group A Mentari Harapan Blimbing Paciran Lamongan Academic Year 2017/2018, this is evident from the results of the pre-survey research with grade completeness reaching 59.2%, at Cycle I completeness grade 72% and in Cycle II completeness reaches 88.4%.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GOMUTRA HARITAKI VATI AND MUSTADI VATI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STHAULYA (W.S.R. TO OBESITY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3863-3868
Author(s):  
Vaidya Bharat Mungara ◽  
Vaidya Priya Kodrani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Rule Out

Sthaulya (Obesity) is among the diseases which are increasing in prevalence day by day. It is important to rule out it on time and get cured. Symptoms and complications of it have effect on daily work efficiency. This study was carried out on 30 patients having classical symptoms of Sthaulya. Patients were selected as per the inclusion, exclusion and diagnostic criteria. Patients were divided into two groups randomly. Group A was treated with Gomutra haritaki vati and Group B was treated with Mustadi vati for 8 weeks. Grade score were adopted for the assessment of the symptoms. The obtained data were analyzed statisti-cally. Probable action of Gomutra haritaki vati might be Srotobandh nashana, Malashodhana and Aama-paachana while of Mustadi vati might be Dhatushoshana, Rukshana, Lekhana. Thus, both drugs have beneficial effect in treating Sthaulya. This study includes 30 patients. In Group A, 20% patients were 100% cured, 66.66% had marked improvement and 13.33% patients had moderate improvement. In group B, 40% patients were 100% cured, 40% patients had marked improvement, 20% patients had mod-erate improvement. Group A showed 84.12% result while Group B showed 82.07% result.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF ISOCONAZOLE NITRATE VERSUS NYSTATIN FOR TREATMENT OF OTOMYCOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-3) ◽  
pp. S581-84
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ahmed Khan ◽  
Bushra Anwar ◽  
Sumera Akram ◽  
Attique Ahmed ◽  
Sunarays Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marked Improvement ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Moderate Improvement ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Minor Improvement ◽  
Better Than

Objective: To compare isoconazole nitrate versus nystatin for treatment of otomycosis. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Bahawalpur and Combined Military Hospital Mardan, from Jan to Dec 2018. Methodology: Total 204 cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected from outpatient department of Combined Military Hospital Bahawalpur and Mardan. They were divided into 2 groups of 102 each using random number tables. Group A cases were given Isocona-zole nitrate for application in external auditory meatus and group B cases were given Nystatin. All the cases were examined two weeks later and outcome was compared in terms of clinical improvement and symptoms resolution. Results: Out of 204, 125 patients were females and rest 79 were males. Age range was from 12-87 years with mean age 31 ± 2.4. Both groups were identical in terms of gender. In group A patients, 74 (72.5%) showed marked improvement after two week, 15 (14.7%) showed moderate improvement and 13 (12.7%) showed minor improvement. However, in group B, 55 (53.9%) showed marked improvement after two week, 23 (22.5%) showed moderate improvement and 24 (23.5%) showed minor improvement. Group A treatment was found significantly better than group B treatment (p=0.021). Conclusion: Isoconazole nitrate ointment was found significantly more effective for treating otomycosis than nystatin.

scholarly journals Comparison between Tramadol and Meperidine for Treating Shivering in Patients undergoing Surgery under Spinal Anaesthesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Sulav Acharya ◽  
N Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Hemodynamic Effects ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
To Receive

Shivering during regional anesthesia is a common problem and is distressing for patients with variety of complications. Therefore this study was conducted to compare the efficacy, potency, hemodynamic effects and side effects of tramadol with that of meperidine for the control of shivering during Spinal Anaesthesia. Sixty patients of ASA physical status I or II, aged 18 to 65 years, undergoing routine surgery under spinal anaesthesia and developed shivering intraoperatively were randomly allocated to receive 0.5 mg/kg meperidine intravenously (Group A, n=30) or 0.5 mg/kg tramadol intravenously (Group B, n=30). Treatment that stopped shivering was considered to have been successful. The response rate was 100 % in both the groups. The time that elapsed from treatment to the time shivering ceased was 5.37±2.20 minutes for meperidine group and 5.87±2.92 minutes for tramadol group (p>0.05). The number of patients who assessed treatment efficacy as no, partial or marked improvement was 0, 2 and 28 for meperidine group and 0, 3 and 27 for tramadol group (p>0.05). Only two patients receiving meperidine developed pruritis and both the grops were similar in terms of Haemodynamic response. The result of this study concluded that tramadol (0.5 mg/kg) is as effective as meperidine (0.5 mg/kg) for treating post anaesthetic shivering with high safety profile.

A study on the effect of Janaranjanakam Anjana in the management of Senile Immature Cataract

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Kamath ◽  
Rathi S.
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Senile Cataract ◽  
Slit Lamp ◽  
Near Vision ◽  
Mild Improvement ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Senile cataract is an important cause of age dependent visual impairment and blindness. Till date, an effective medical treatment for senile cataract has not been found out. The only treatment of choice is surgery. Considering the increased rate of incidence of senile cataract, on availability of effective medical measures, possible complications and contraindications surgery, the need arises to research for drugs that could effectively help in arresting the progression and disintegrate the opacification of lens proteins. The Symptoms such as blurriness of vision, Glare, Diplopia etc. are mentioned in senile immature cataract which can be correlated with Kaphaja Timira. Objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of Janaranjanakam Anjana and Vimalanjana in the management of SIMC and to compare the efficacy of Janaranjanakam Anjana and Vimalanjana in the management of SIMC. In present study 40 patients were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups, with 20 patients each. Group A patients were treated with Janaranjanakam Anjana for 60 days. Group B were treated with Vimalanjana for 60 days. After the treatment it was observed that there was statistically significant result in the main signs and symptoms i.e. blurring of vision, floaters, glare, visual acuity for distant and near vision and slit lamp bio-microscopy. Amongst 40 patients, 1 patient were getting no improvement, 12 patients were getting Mild improvement, 23 patients were getting Moderate improvement and 4 patients were getting Marked improvement.

scholarly journals Management of Vataja abhishyanda (Allergic conjunctivitis) with Gutika anjana and Punarnavadi eye drops: A comparative clinical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-849
Author(s):  
Shashi Prakash Gupta ◽  
Vaghela D B
Keyword(s):  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Allergic Conjunctivitis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Complete Relief ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Body Sensation ◽  
Comparative Clinical Study ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: Vataja Abhishyanda is characterized by Toda (Pricking pain), Sangharsha (foreign body sensation), Achchasruta (watery discharge), Alpa Shopha (mild chemosis), Vishushka Bhava (feeling of dryness), Parushya (roughness) etc which are very similar to the most of signs and symptoms of the Allergic Conjunctivitis. It is one of the most common type of eye allergy and is widely experienced by global population. Aims and Objective: . To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Punarnavadi eye drops and Gutika Anjana in the management of Vataja Abhishyanda(Allergic conjunctivitis). Materials and methods: Total 104 patients diagnosed with symptoms and signs of Vataja Abhishyanda were selected from the outpatient department of Shalakya tantra. The selected patients were assigned randomly into two groups, group A (Punarnavadi eye drop) having 51 and group B (Gutika Anjana) having 50 patients. Duration of treatment was 8weeks with follow up for one month after the trial. Result: In Group A, 96.08% got complete relief after the completion of treatment, 03.92% got marked improvement. In Group B, 98% got complete relief after the completion of treatment, 2% got marked improvement. Conclusion: Gutika Anjana shows better relief in all sign and symptoms on the basis of percentage. The reason may be Anjana has maximum absorption due to more contact of time with the tissue which is responsible for better bioavailability.

Extrarenal action of adrenal glands on potassium metabolism

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-647
Author(s):  
Roberto F. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extracellular Potassium ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Group A ◽  
Potassium Metabolism

Nephrectomized dogs have been used to demonstrate a relationship between extracellular pH changes and the net transfer of potassium from intracellular to extracellular fluid Similar experiments were done on adrenalectomized dogs to investigate the extrarenal action of the adrenal glands on potassium metabolism. These experiments were divided into three groups, each comprising adrenalectomized and nonadrenalectomized dogs. After bilateral nephrectomy, group A received no sodium salt, group B received isotonic sodium chloride and group C, isotonic sodium bicarbonate. Extracellular potassium, carbon dioxide of arterial blood and serum nonprotein nitrogen values were followed. In group A a more rapid development of acidosis coincident with a faster increase in extracellular potassium and nonprotein nitrogen occurred in adrenalectomized compared to nonadrenalectomized dogs. In groups B and C there were no obvious differences between adrenalectomized and nonadrenalectomized dogs. A faster breakdown of cells, which can be avoided by sodium salts, was considered responsible for the changes in the adrenalectomized dogs of group A, rather than change in permeability of intact cell membranes to potassium. These results imply a direct influence of sodium content of the body on protein catabolism, not mediated by the kidneys or the adrenal glands.

scholarly journals COMPARISON BETWEEN TRAMADOLAND MEPERIDINE FOR TREATING SHIVERING IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERY UNDER SPINAL ANAESTHESIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
Prabhat Kumar Choudhary ◽  
Sadab Faisal Ansari ◽  
Namita Saraswat ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Hemodynamic Effects ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
To Receive

Shivering during regional anesthesia is a common problem and is distressing for patients with variety of complications. Therefore this study was conducted to compare the efficacy, potency, hemodynamic effects and side effects of tramadol with that of meperidine for the control of shivering during Spinal Anaesthesia. Sixty patients of ASA physical status I or II, aged 18 to 65 years, undergoing routine surgery under spinal anaesthesia and developed shivering intraoperatively were randomly allocated to receive 0.5 mg/kg meperidine intravenously (Group A, n=30) or 0.5 mg/kg tramadol intravenously (Group B, n=30). Treatment that stopped shivering was considered to have been successful. The response rate was 100 % in both the groups. The time that elapsed from treatment to the time shivering ceased was 5.37±2.20 minutes for meperidine group and 5.87±2.92 minutes for tramadol group (p>0.05). The number of patients who assessed treatment efficacy as no, partial or marked improvement was 0, 2 and 28 for meperidine group and 0, 3 and 27 for tramadol group (p>0.05). Only two patients receiving meperidine developed pruritis and both the grops were similar in terms of Haemodynamic response. The result of this study concluded that tramadol (0.5 mg/kg) is as effective as meperidine (0.5 mg/kg) for treating post anaesthetic shivering with high safety profile.

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