On Moral Insanity and its Relation to Criminology

1894 ◽  
Vol 40 (171) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Professor Benedikt
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Moral Standard ◽  
Moral Insanity ◽  
Great Advance

It is an undoubted fact that the diagnostic terms moral insanity and obsessions have been the cause of serious misconceptions in science and in criminal practice; and, further, that such misconceptions may paralyze justice and menace the moral standard and even the safety of society. It nevertheless marks a great advance in the progress of psychology to have recognized that many criminal and vicious acts result from congenital defects. These defects are sometimes accompanied by atypical anatomical forms of the body, and especially of the skull; but the value of these abnormalities is relative, not absolute.

scholarly journals Folic acid – role in the body, recommendations and clinical significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Myszczyszyn ◽  
Rafał Krajewski ◽  
Monika Ostapów ◽  
Lidia Hirnle
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Vitamin B9 ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractIntroduction. Folic acid is a compound classified as B group vitamins. In the body it is subject to processes that transfer its inactive form into a form responsible for biological effects of folic acid, i.e. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). It is, in particular, responsible for processes of the correct biosynthesis of purine and pyridine bases present in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules. Humans do not synthesize the endogenous form of folic acid; therefore, it is vital to supplement this vitamin in its natural form or multivitamin preparations. The most folic acid is found in the green leafy vegetables (spinach, peas, asparagus) and in offal (liver). An adequate supply of folic acid is especially indicated in pregnant women with a reduced amount of folic acid due to its use by an intensively developing foetus. The recommended dose of folic acid during this period is 0.4 mg/24h and this dose varies depending on the patient’s and her family’s medical history. The updated state of knowledge on the role of vitamin B9 in the body has been presented. The importance of its supplementation in specific clinical cases was analyzed.Summary. Many studies indicate an important role of the folic acid in the prevention of congenital defects of the nervous, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. Its deficiency increases the risk of complications in pregnancy, such as recurrent miscarriages, pre-eclampsia or postpartum haemorrhage. For this reason, a prophylactic folic acid supplementation is recommended, in women with increased risk of its deficiency, in particular.

scholarly journals On the Biomechanics of Cardiac S-Looping in the Chick: Insights From Modeling and Perturbation Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Ramasubramanian ◽  
Xavier Capaldi ◽  
Sarah A. Bradner ◽  
Lianna Gangi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Dorsal Wall ◽  
Embryonic Developmental Stage ◽  
Cervical Flexure ◽  
Shape Changes

Cardiac looping is an important embryonic developmental stage where the primitive heart tube (HT) twists into a configuration that more closely resembles the mature heart. Improper looping leads to congenital defects. Using the chick embryo as the experimental model, we study cardiac s-looping wherein the primitive ventricle, which lay superior to the atrium, now assumes its definitive position inferior to it. This process results in a heart loop that is no longer planar with the inflow and outflow tracts now lying in adjacent planes. We investigate the biomechanics of s-looping and use modeling to understand the nonlinear and time-variant morphogenetic shape changes. We developed physical and finite element models and validated the models using perturbation studies. The results from experiments and models show how force actuators such as bending of the embryonic dorsal wall (cervical flexure), rotation around the body axis (embryo torsion), and HT growth interact to produce the heart loop. Using model-based and experimental data, we present an improved hypothesis for early cardiac s-looping.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF INTRODUCTION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION FOR PERSONS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
A. KUDINOVA ◽  
I. KUTORZHEVSKA
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
All Diseases

An important component of public policy in Ukraine is progressive changes in the strategy of education for children with special needs with a dominant focus - the introduction of inclusive education in secondary schools, where the educational environment is adapted to the individual learner: for students with special educational needs created groups with inclusive form of education - this is the integration of children with special educational needs in the general educational space. Among the diseases that afflict our contemporaries, the most dangerous are diseases of the cardiovascular system. That is why the disease of the cardiovascular system is reflected in the decrease in the functional activity of the whole organism - the creative abilities and efficiency of a person are reduced. Diseases of the cardiovascular system are caused by many factors: congenital defects; malnutrition; intoxication; inflammatory processes; metabolic disorders; sedentary lifestyle, etc. At diseases of cardiovascular system mechanisms of medical action of physical exercises are applied. Therapeutic exercise is indicated for all diseases of the cardiovascular system, and to maintain the results you need to perform exercise throughout life. Only movement, which is the most physiological means of influencing the body, can provide a high vitality, good mood, self-confidence and long life without disease.

scholarly journals THE CLINICAL CASES OF PALLISTER-KILLIANS’S SYNDROME IN A CHILD

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-165
Author(s):  
T. V Sudovskaya ◽  
N. Sh Kokoeva ◽  
Yu. A Bobrovskaya ◽  
A. A Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Palpebral Fissure ◽  
Somatic Status ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Multiple Abnormalities ◽  
First Time

This article was designed to report a clinical case of a rare syndromic disease - Pallister-Killians’s syndrome characterized by the signs of mental deficiency, abnormal features of cranial bones , congenitally reduced arterial pressure, multiple abnormalities of the facial features (including the eyes and the mouth cavity), ears, skeleton, the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and other systems of the body. The syndrome was described for the first time in 1977 by Philip Pallister and thereafter investigated in more detail by Maria Teschler-Nicola and Wolfgang Killian in 1981. In our case, the somatic status of a 3 month-old child presenting with this pathological condition was characterized by a large variety of congenital defects of the nervous system, including corpus collosum hypoxia, ischemic lesions of the brain tissue, bilateral subependymal pseudocysts, lenticulostriate agniopathies, and congenital heart failure. The pathological changes of the visual analyzer manifested themselves as unilateral grade 3 microphthalmos, sclerocornea, optic nerve disk coloboma, narrowing of the palpebral fissure, considerable decrease of the size of the conjunctival cavity in the absence of the appreciable alterations in the eye ball. Rehabilitation of the affected child with congenital microphthalmos included gradual ocular prosthetics and the treatment by the specialists of other medical professions.

Role of the Pediatrician in Prevention and Management of Substance Abuse

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Her Family ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Substances

The past three decades have been marked by an increasing recognition of the responsibility of pediatricians to their patients and their patients' families regarding the diagnosis and management of abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances of abuse including prescription drugs. Because of the harmful consequences, substance abuse is an obvious concern for all those who care for infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. When it occurs during pregnancy, it has been associated with an increased incidence of prematurity; congenital defects, including brain damage; and even death. The pediatrician must be prepared to address this commonplace issue as a part of routine health care, starting with the prenatal visit and continuing as a part of all anticipatory guidance. Familiarity with the extent and nature of drug use, as well as the health and social consequences, has become a necessary part of the body of pediatric knowledge.1-9 The pediatrician should possess or develop the skills necessary to determine which young patients are at risk for substance abuse and chemical dependence and should also be able to offer appropriate prevention or treatment counseling to the child, adolescent, and his or her family, or make a referral to a source where such counseling can be obtained. PERVASIVENESS OF DRUG USE The pattern of substance abuse among teenagers has undergone significant change during the past 25 years. Prior to the late 1960s, the abuse of psychoactive drugs and alcohol was predominantly an adult phenomenon. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, substance abuse became widespread among adolescents and, more recently, preadolescents.

scholarly journals Congenital Cervical Vertebral Malformation in Lambs

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Joandes Henrique Fonteque ◽  
Anderson Fernando De Souza ◽  
Thiago Rinaldi Muller ◽  
Ronaldo Paiva Moreno Gonçalves ◽  
Milena Carol Sbrussi Granella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Odontoid Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Vertebral Malformation ◽  
The Right

Background: The occurrence of congenital defects in the sheep is estimated to be between 0.2% and 2%. For congenital anatomical alterations, diagnostic imaging allows objective understanding and evaluation, and is a great aid in the formulation of clinical decisions. Most of these anomalies are diagnosed by radiography; but computed tomography (CT) can provide important additional information. In the current literature there are no descriptions of the use of radiography andCT for a more detailed evaluation of the anatomical structures in cases of congenital cervical malformations in lambs. The objective of this study is to report the clinical, radiographic and tomographic findings in two cases of congenital cervical vertebral malformation in lambs.Cases: Two lambs with cervical morphological alterations since birth were attended. A 4-month-old mixed-breed lamb, weighing 11 kg, with lateroventrocaudal deviation of the neck was observed to the right side, not yielding to the attempt of repositioning. The owner reported that these changes were identified since birth, leading to difficulties in suckling colostrum, necessitating artificial feeding. With the growth of the animal, worsening of the cervical deviation resulted in the impossibility of grazing. The radiographs of the cervical spine identified marked scoliosis, and the axis presented small dimensions and morphological changes with a slight loss of atlantoaxial articular relationship. Spondylopathies were detectedalong the cervical spine. Other lamb of the Lacaune breed, weighing 4.2 kg, was presented shortly after birth with changes in the shape and posture of the neck, difficult locomotion and in sternal decubitus. The owner reported that the lamb came from a twin eutocic birth, with the other lamb being apparently normal. The animal was unable to ingest the colostrum, in which the sheep was milked and colostrum was offered through a bottle. Lateroventrocaudal deviation of the neck to the left side did not yield to the repositioning attempt, the mandible also presented left lateral deviation. The radiographs of the cervical spine showed morphological changes in atlas, and it was not possible to delimit its wings; itwas also observed that the dorsal blade was parallel to the spinal process of the axis. The presence of a hypoattenuating linear left lateral image of the dorsal arch and a right ventro-lateral aspect of the atlas body was identified with slightly irregular and sclerotic margins, suggesting fracture lines. The body of the axis presented a conformational alteration withirregular contours and a large free fragment in the cranial aspect, suggestive of being the odontoid process, with rotation and deviation to the left in relation to the atlas. The right lateral cranial articular process of the third cervical vertebra (C3) presented a conformational change and important lateral rotation of the axis. Mild stenosis of the medullary canal was observed in the segment adjacent to C3. The euthanasia was recommended.Discussion: Congenital cervical malformations in sheep are rare in the literature and may lead to serious decrease in the quality of life of the animals. Computed tomography was superior to radiography in morphological evaluation in cases of congenital cervical malformations in sheep. However, both diagnostic methods were important to establish the best clinical behavior. The etiology of most congenital malformations is unknown, simply because of the complexity of the mechanismsthat lead to the formation of an abnormality. The isolated episodes of this anomaly, in the herd without previous alterations, suggest a non-infectious cause, probably similar among the cases, but not established. The information presented can be used to validate clinical reasoning in future cases similar to those described, where imaging features are not available.Keywords: anomalies, fetus, radiography, computed tomography.

scholarly journals Dicephalia in a Bovine

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Marilúcia Campos Dos Santos ◽  
Zânder Fernandes Teixeira De Azevedo ◽  
Ariana Lima Pereira ◽  
Maira Dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda ◽  
Alexandre Redson Soares Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Image Subtraction ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Siamese Twins ◽  
The Right

Background: Congenital defects consist of structural or functional abnormalities present at birth, which partially or globally affect the systems. Among the defects are the conjoined twins, a rare congenital anomaly caused by fusion of two monozygotic embryos which can be classified according to the different sites of union. The Siamese twins and embryonic duplication are represented by a progressive series of malformations, since partial duplication of part of the body to the training almost full two bodies. Siamese twins occur in humans and in several animal species. Dicephalia refers to two totally separate heads. The aim of this study was to report a case of dicephalia in a bovine fetus.Case: A crossbred bovine fetus from a cow pregnant at. The animal was fixed by immersion in 10% formalin for sample collection. Muscles were dissected, with exposure of the bones of the right head, neck, forelimb, and hind limb. After dissection, the fetus was subjected to a preservation process by impregnation with glycerin. Next, internal organs were removed in bloc (from tongue to rectum) for evaluation of internal alterations. Additionally, radiographs of the spinal cord were performed to diagnose alterations by diagnostic imaging. Radiography revealed the presence of two skulls; two cervical spines, both with seven vertebrae; two thoracic spines, both with 13 vertebrae; and two lumbar spines, both with six vertebrae, however, fused at L4, i.e., connected in the final third part. Further information could not be obtained by the radiographs due to severe overlapping of structures, causing image subtraction. The findings are compatible with mineralized conjoined twin fetuses. After dissection, it was possible to see that each head exhibited normal development of tongue, trachea, and esophagus. In the thorax, there were two lungs with their typical lobes; however, there was atrophy of the lobes located medially. There was one pericardial sac surrounding two hearts. There was dextroposition of the aorta of the right heart, which would pass over the esophagus and trachea, and was connected to the aorta of the left heart in the cervical region. The ribs of the medial portion of the thorax were absent. The diaphragm had a central opening with protrusion of the diaphragmatic portion of the right lung lobe. The abdomen exhibited two rumens, one was blind-ended, and the other had normal prestomachs development, with connection to normal small and large intestines. There was a lung lobe close to the kidneys (pulmonary choristoma).Discussion: The bovine fetus reported here can be classified as dicephalic, since it exhibited two well defined heads and only one body. That is different from diprosopia, which refers to the development of two faces in one skull. Such anomalies are rare and isolated in bovines, with few studies and information about them. The factors that trigger embryonic duplication are still unclear; however, the cause can be attributed to genetic defects in the germ cells, environmental influences, and heredity. The most important known causes are prenatal viral infection, ingestion of teratogens by the mother, vitamin A and folic acid deficiency, genetic factors, and/or a combination of these factors. No reports of rumen duplication in dicephalic bovines have been observed. Although the occurrence of such malformations is rare, they are relevant and cause economic losses to the farmers.Keywords: siamese twins, malformations, radiography, ruminant.

Open-heart Surgery for Repair of Congenital Defects

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Keyword(s):  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Open Heart ◽  
General Reader ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Considerable Body

Anyone anxious to know more about developments in the rapidly-expanding field of surgical repair of congenital defects of the heart by open-heart techniques will find this paper instructive. The various types of apparatus which have been used to maintain the circulation and oxygenation of blood outside the body, leaving the heart free for surgical repair, are described. The physiologic changes during total-body perfusion and the means taken to insure homeostasis during the procedure are discussed. The author gives a brief description of his experience in the repair of congenital defects of the heart with the various techniques. A considerable body of interesting information is provided in a succinct and clear fashion for the general reader.

scholarly journals Advances in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: Innovation and Transformation of Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Dzobo ◽  
Nicholas Ekow Thomford ◽  
Dimakatso Alice Senthebane ◽  
Hendrina Shipanga ◽  
Arielle Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Made In

Humans and animals lose tissues and organs due to congenital defects, trauma, and diseases. The human body has a low regenerative potential as opposed to the urodele amphibians commonly referred to as salamanders. Globally, millions of people would benefit immensely if tissues and organs can be replaced on demand. Traditionally, transplantation of intact tissues and organs has been the bedrock to replace damaged and diseased parts of the body. The sole reliance on transplantation has created a waiting list of people requiring donated tissues and organs, and generally, supply cannot meet the demand. The total cost to society in terms of caring for patients with failing organs and debilitating diseases is enormous. Scientists and clinicians, motivated by the need to develop safe and reliable sources of tissues and organs, have been improving therapies and technologies that can regenerate tissues and in some cases create new tissues altogether. Tissue engineering and/or regenerative medicine are fields of life science employing both engineering and biological principles to create new tissues and organs and to promote the regeneration of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and have a huge impact on three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. 3D bioprinting holds great promise for artificial tissue and organ bioprinting, thereby revolutionizing the field of regenerative medicine. This review discusses how recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering can improve 3D bioprinting and vice versa. Several challenges must be overcome in the application of 3D bioprinting before this disruptive technology is widely used to create organotypic constructs for regenerative medicine.

General principles and techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Simon Kay ◽  
David McCombe
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Form Function ◽  
The Individual

Plastic surgery pursues the amelioration of acquired or congenital defects, to restore both function and form. Uniquely among surgical specialties, plastic surgery is defined by concept rather than by tissue or anatomical region. The concepts and techniques that are its foundation may be applied throughout the body irrespective of tissue type, to reconstruct or repair deficiencies resulting from trauma, disease, or birth defects. To the uninformed, it appears a solely technical specialty, but in truth, the interactions between form, function, and human behaviour are so intimate that diagnosis and treatment must consider each of these aspects. In particular, it requires a detailed understanding of human behaviour and its variants in a wide variety of circumstances to treat the individual effectively.

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