2. German Retrospect

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (150) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Sylvian Fissure ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Brain

S. Beljahow communicated to the Psychiatric Association of St. Petersburg his observations on four brains of senile dements (“Neurologisches Centralblatt,” No. 3, 1887). Three of these subjects were women. The weights of the brains were 1030, 1035, 1080, and 1100 grammes. Their ages ran from 64 to 75 years. The pathological alterations were similar in all the four cases. There was hardening of the cranial bones; in some cases the diploe had entirely disappeared. The dura mater was found united with the cranium; there was also pachymeningitis hæmorrhagica. The pia mater was thickened, and when detached from the cortex brought away a portion of matter with it. The convolutions were slender; the fissures wider than usual; the cortical portion of the brain diminished in thickness; the vessels of the base of the brain, especially the basilar carotids and the arteries of the Sylvian fissure, were sclerosed and their walls in some places calcified.

scholarly journals On the casuistry of progressive paralysis (several cases with acute and prolonged course)

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
G. A. Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Serous Fluid ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Cortical Substance ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

28 / VII. The patient died at 6.30 am. Opening 28 / VII. Great emaciation; stiffness is poorly expressed; on the sacrum and on the right trochanter bedsores. The bones of the cranial vault are thickened, diple is almost absent. Dura mater is spliced ​​in some places with the inner surface of the vault and with the pia mater. The last one is thickened, cloudy (milky stripes), it is removed from the surface of the brain with great difficulty. Brain weight 1397.0; its substance is edematous; the cortical substance is anemic, atrophied; the lateral ventricles are dilated with a large amount of serous fluid. In the internal organs, except for the expansion of the lower lobes of both lungs, no pathological changes were noted.

scholarly journals An immunohistochemical study of lymphatic elements in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. e2002574118
Author(s):  
Éva Mezey ◽  
Ildikó Szalayova ◽  
Christopher T. Hogden ◽  
Alexandra Brady ◽  
Ágnes Dósa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Lamina Cribrosa ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Postmortem Human Brain ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
T Cell Migration ◽  
The Brain

Almost 150 papers about brain lymphatics have been published in the last 150 years. Recently, the information in these papers has been synthesized into a picture of central nervous system (CNS) “glymphatics,” but the fine structure of lymphatic elements in the human brain based on imaging specific markers of lymphatic endothelium has not been described. We used LYVE1 and PDPN antibodies to visualize lymphatic marker-positive cells (LMPCs) in postmortem human brain samples, meninges, cavernous sinus (cavum trigeminale), and cranial nerves and bolstered our findings with a VEGFR3 antibody. LMPCs were present in the perivascular space, the walls of small and large arteries and veins, the media of large vessels along smooth muscle cell membranes, and the vascular adventitia. Lymphatic marker staining was detected in the pia mater, in the arachnoid, in venous sinuses, and among the layers of the dura mater. There were many LMPCs in the perineurium and endoneurium of cranial nerves. Soluble waste may move from the brain parenchyma via perivascular and paravascular routes to the closest subarachnoid space and then travel along the dura mater and/or cranial nerves. Particulate waste products travel along the laminae of the dura mater toward the jugular fossa, lamina cribrosa, and perineurium of the cranial nerves to enter the cervical lymphatics. CD3-positive T cells appear to be in close proximity to LMPCs in perivascular/perineural spaces throughout the brain. Both immunostaining and qPCR confirmed the presence of adhesion molecules in the CNS known to be involved in T cell migration.

On the Trabecular Morphologies and Load Transfer to the Brain

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siavash Hashemi ◽  
Parisa Saboori ◽  
Shahab Mansoor-Baghaei ◽  
Ali M. Sadegh
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Trabecular Architecture ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
External Loads ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Arachnoid Mater

The human brain trabeculae contain strands of collagen tissues connecting the arachnoid to the pia mater. In this paper the mechanotransductions of the external loads to the head passing through different trabecular architectures of the subarachnoid space were investigated. This has been accomplished by creating several local 2-D models consist of skull, dura mater, arachnoid, trabecular architecture and the brain. Different orientations of several architectures of the trabeculae were also analyzed. All models were subjected to the same loading and constraints. The strains in the brain for each model of the architecture and morphology were determined and compared to other corresponding models. It is concluded that the strain in the brain is less where the tree-shape trabeculae are upright, where the branches are attached to the arachnoid mater and the stems are attached to the pia mater. In addition, in the case of other morphologies the strain in the brain is less when the ratio of the trabecular area to the CSF space is less.

scholarly journals A Simple Method to Avoid Brain Shift during Neuronavigation: Technical Note

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Leopoldo Raso
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Brain Shift ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Neuronavigation System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Introduction The precise identification of anatomical structures and lesions in the brain is the main objective of neuronavigation systems. Brain shift, displacement of the brain after opening the cisterns and draining cerebrospinal fluid, is one of the limitations of such systems. Objective To describe a simple method to avoid brain shift in craniotomies for subcortical lesions. Method We used the surgical technique hereby described in five patients with subcortical neoplasms. We performed the neuronavigation-guided craniotomies with the conventional technique. After opening the dura and exposing the cortical surface, we placed two or three arachnoid anchoring sutures to the dura mater, close to the edges of the exposed cortical surface. We placed these anchoring sutures under microscopy, using a 6–0 mononylon wire. With this technique, the cortex surface was kept close to the dura mater, minimizing its displacement during the approach to the subcortical lesion. In these five cases we operated, the cortical surface remained close to the dura, anchored by the arachnoid sutures. All the lesions were located with a good correlation between the handpiece tip inserted in the desired brain area and the display on the navigation system. Conclusion Arachnoid anchoring sutures to the dura mater on the edges of the cortex area exposed by craniotomy constitute a simple method to minimize brain displacement (brain-shift) in craniotomies for subcortical injuries, optimizing the use of the neuronavigation system.

scholarly journals Primary Cranial Vault Lymphoma Extending between Subcutaneous Tissue and Brain Parenchyma without Skull Destruction after Mild Head Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1118-1123
Author(s):  
Kengo Setta ◽  
Takaaki Beppu ◽  
Yuichi Sato ◽  
Hiroaki Saura ◽  
Junichi Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
The Brain

Malignant lymphoma of the head rarely arises outside of the brain parenchyma as primary cranial vault lymphoma (PCVL). A case of PCVL that invaded from subcutaneous tissue into the brain, passing through the skull, and occurred after mild head trauma is reported along with a review of the literature. The patient was a 75-year-old man with decreased activity. One month before his visit to our hospital, he bruised the left frontal area of his head. Magnetic resonance imaging showed homogeneously enhanced tumors with contrast media in the subcutaneous tissue corresponding to the head impact area and the cerebral parenchyma, but no obvious abnormal findings in the skull. A biopsy with craniotomy was performed under general anesthesia. The pathological diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. On histological examination, tumor cells grew aggressively under the skin. Tumor cells invaded along the emissary vein into the external table without remarkable bone destruction and extended across the skull through the Haversian canals in the diploe. Tumor cells were found only at the perivascular areas in the dura mater and extended into the brain parenchyma. Considering the history of head trauma and the neuroimaging and histological findings, the PCVL in the present case arose primarily under the skin, passed though the skull and dura mater, and invaded along vessels and reached the brain.

Vascular responses of dura mater

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. H157-H161 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Faraci ◽  
K. A. Kadel ◽  
D. D. Heistad
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Vascular Headache ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

The goal of this study was to examine vascular responses of the dura mater. Microspheres were used to measure blood flow to the dura and brain in anesthetized dogs. Under control conditions, blood flow to the dura was 38 +/- 3 (SE) ml.min-1.100 g-1. Values for blood flow to the dura obtained with simultaneous injection of 15- and 50-microns microspheres were similar, which suggests that shunting of 15-microns spheres was minimal. Left atrial infusion of substance P (100 ng.kg-1.min-1) and serotonin (40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), two agonists that have been reported to increase vascular permeability in the dura, increased blood flow to the dura two- to threefold. Adenosine (iv) produced vasodilatation in the dura. Adenosine and serotonin did not affect cerebral blood flow, but substance P increased blood flow to the brain by approximately 40%. Seizures, which produce pronounced dilatation of cerebral vessels despite activation of sympathetic nerves, produced vasoconstriction in the dura. Thus 1) the dura is perfused at a relatively high level of blood flow under normal conditions and is very responsive to vasoactive stimuli, and 2) substance P and serotonin, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular headache, produce pronounced vasodilator responses in the dura mater.

Lantern Demonstration of Gross Lesions of the Cerebrum

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pyramidal Layer ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This demonstration was a further report on the subject laid before the Association at the meeting at Claybury in February last, viz., the morbid changes occurring in the brain and other intra-cranial contents in amentia and dementia. In a paper read before the Royal Society in the spring of 1900, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, it was stated, as the result of a systematic micrometric examination of the visuo-sensory (primary visual) and visuo-psychic (lower associational) regions of the cerebral cortex, that the depth of the pyramidal layer of nerve-cells varies with the amentia or dementia existing in the patient. At the meeting of the Association referred to it was further shown, from an analysis, clinical and pathological, of 121 cases of insanity which appeared consecutively in the post-mortem room at Claybury, that the morbid conditions inside the skull-cap in insanity, viz., abnormalities in the dura mater, the pia arachnoid, the ependyma and intra-cranial fluid, etc., are the accompaniments of and vary in degree with dementia alone, and are independent of the duration of the mental disease. Since that date the pre-frontal (higher associational) region has been systematically examined in nineteen cases, viz., normal persons and normal aments (infants), and cases of amentia, of chronic and recurrent insanity without appreciable dementia, and of dementia, and the results obtained form the subject of the present demonstration. A paper on the whole subject will shortly be published in the Archives of the Claybury Laboratory.

Professor Betz's Method of Making Sections of Nervous Tissue

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 465-466
Author(s):  
Batty Tuke
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Brown Colour ◽  
Ordinary Temperature

Professor Betz, of Kiew, has lately produced brain sections, which have attracted very considerable attention in Vienna. His specimens are of vast extent. He appears to be able to produce thin sections of an entire hemisphere. We append his method of hardening and cutting as it is stated in the “Correspondentze Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Gerichtlich Psychologie, Jan., 1873.” The method of hardening which we wish to bring into notice is as follows:—observing that differences exist in the treatment of the spinal-cord, cerebrum and cerebellum. The spinal-cord—after tbe careful removal of the dura mater, it is placed in spirit of from 75 to 80 per cent., which is tinged a clear brown colour by the addition of Iodine. After from one to three days, during which the preparation must stand in a cool temperature, the Pia Mater and the Arachnoid are also removed; the specimen remaining in the spirit, to which a few drops of Iodine must be added daily for three days, maintaining an ordinary temperature. It is then transferred to a three per cent. solution of Chromate of Potass, and back again to the cool temperature. Here it hardens thoroughly, which is known by the fluid becoming turbid, and by the formation of a brown deposit upon the preparation. When this occurs, it must be immediately thoroughly washed with water, and immersed in a solution of Chromate of Potass, from a half to one per cent. strength, in which it will not become too hard or brittle.

Effects of CSF Properties on Brain Response Under Impact Loading

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Chafi ◽  
V. Dirisala ◽  
G. Karami ◽  
M. Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Human Head ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Mechanical Shocks ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simultaneous Loading ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Experiments ◽  
The Brain

In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid space is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. It is filled with a clear, watery liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF buffers the brain against mechanical shocks and creates buoyancy to protect it from the forces of gravity. The relative motion of the brain due to a simultaneous loading is caused because the skull and brain have different densities and the CSF surrounds the brain. The impact experiments are usually carried out on cadavers with no CSF included because of the autolysis. Even in the cadaveric head impact experiments by Hardy et al. [1], where the specimens are repressurized using artificial CSF, this is not known how far this can replicate the real functionality of CSF. With such motivation, a special interest lies on how to model this feature in a finite element (FE) modeling of the human head because it is questionable if one uses in vivo CSF properties (i.e. bulk modulus of 2.19 GPa) to validate a FE human head against cadaveric experimental data.

scholarly journals Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Manifesting with Frontal Brain Edema

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-495
Author(s):  
Mário Emílio Teixeira Dourado Júnior ◽  
Ricardo Humberto de Miranda Félix ◽  
Marcos Dias Leão
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis ◽  
Falx Cerebri ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Parenchyma ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a rare inflammatory disease that results in thickening of the dura mater. Atypically, it can progress to include the involvement of the cerebral parenchyma. Method. In this paper, we report the rare case of a 31-year-old man with a three-week history of headaches, seizures, impairments of cognitive function, and changes in behavior and mood. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a thickening and an abnormal enhancement of the dura mater over the falx cerebri with extensions into the adjacent cranial base and with brain edemas in the frontal lobes. Histopathological study of meningeal and brain biopsies showed an inflammatory process that was compatible with HP. The results of an extensive laboratory investigation were unremarkable and did not provide additional information on the cause of the meningeal disease. The patient exhibited relapses despite immunosuppressive therapy. Conclusion. This case shows the challenges associated with the management of the disease and the importance of early diagnosis to avoid worsening of the condition and cerebral damage.

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