On the use of Analogy in the Study and Treatment of Mental Disease

1876 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
J. R. Gasquet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Mental Diseases

The disheartening aphorism, in which Hippocrates summed up the experience of his life—“Art is long and life is short, the occasion is fleeting, experiment is dangerous, and judgment is difficult”—is more true of the study of insanity than of any other department of medicine. Were any proof needed of this, it would be sufficient to point to the classification of mental diseases, the symptomatological plan adopted until recently corresponding to the earliest nosology of ordinary medicine, while the schemes which task the ingenuity of a Skae or a Bucknill have a great likeness to the “Phthisiologia” of Morton, or to the nosologies of Sauvages and Cullen.

On the use of Analogy in the Study and Treatment of Mental Disease

1876 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
J. R. Gasquet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Mental Diseases

The disheartening aphorism, in which Hippocrates summed up the experience of his life—“Art is long and life is short, the occasion is fleeting, experiment is dangerous, and judgment is difficult”—is more true of the study of insanity than of any other department of medicine. Were any proof needed of this, it would be sufficient to point to the classification of mental diseases, the symptomatological plan adopted until recently corresponding to the earliest nosology of ordinary medicine, while the schemes which task the ingenuity of a Skae or a Bucknill have a great likeness to the “Phthisiologia” of Morton, or to the nosologies of Sauvages and Cullen.

scholarly journals Human genetics as an approach to the classification of mental diseases

1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Aníbal Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Endogenous Psychoses ◽  
The Many ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Natural Series

If we try to arrange the many patterns of mental disease as regards the underlying heredological trends it is possible to develop a system disposed as a "natural series". In our tentative one, which combines eugenic and dynamic criteria chiefly, we tried to assemble 24 separate clinical conditions into 5 major groups: I - Psychoses with toxi-infectious diseases (4 entries); II - Psychoses with accidental intoxications (2 entries) ; III - Constitutional endogenous psychoses (7 entries); IV - Marginal endogenous states (7 entries); V - Defective states by local or abiotrophic brain lesions (4 entries). Among the conditions listed under IV are Kleist's marginal or "degenerative" psychoses, which are frequent indeed in psychiatric practice, so to require their consideration.

scholarly journals Skae's Classification of Mental Diseases

1876 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Clouston
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Medical Psychology ◽  
Good Place ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Good For ◽  
As If

When I saw in the last number of this journal that Dr Crichton Browne had essayed the task of criticising the system of classification of insanity devised by the late Dr. Skae, I knew the fact could not but be gratifying to Skae's friends. To have any system or theory subjected to independent criticism is very good for it. Then I could not forget that some of those who had advocated most earnestly Skae's classification had been pupils, assistants, and friends of his during life; and I was conscious, from my own experience, how much anyone in that position was inclined to look partially on his work. I felt sure that Dr. Browne, while seeing this, would not, in those circumstances, consider it a mortal sin, and would pass it gently and generously by. Indeed, I was a little afraid that he himself, as an old pupil of Skae, might be tempted to soften the stern tone befitting a critic, by something of the same pardonable feeling. He has striven to resist this impulse, and with much success. Another reason why I rejoiced that the merits of this system should be canvassed was, that I thought with, perhaps, natural partiality, that everyone must necessarily see something good in it; and that the fact of its being looked closely into by a competent and unbiased mind would produce a better understanding of Skae's point of view, and a more thorough sifting of the tares from the wheat. Not that such criticism had been wanting either at home or abroad. The system had been before the world for twelve years. The authors of all the standard books on psychological medicine and papers on classification published since that time had discussed its merits; and it did seem as if it were growing in favour. Maudsley, in each successive edition, had seemed to make more and more account of it; Blandford had assigned it a good place amongst other systems; Hack Tuke had given high praise to all the “somato-etiological” systems of looking at and classifying mental disease, and to Skae's in particular; Mitchell had declared it had taken hold of the medical mind; Thompson Dickson had said there was some good in it; and finally, that Nestor of alienists, whom Dr. Browne fitly describes as “the most illustrious representative of English medical psychology now living,” Bucknill, had given it the truest flattery of all by incorporating its nomenclature in the orders, genera, and species of that classification which is the final result of his vast experience, the generalised sum of all his thinking. All these, and more, had found it had faults; but they all speak of it and its author with much respect. Then it is a mere matter of fact that its terminology had become a part—and an essential part—of recent writings on nervous and mental disease.

scholarly journals A 3D multiscale view convolutional neural network with attention for mental disease diagnosis on MRI images

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 6978-3994
Author(s):  
Zijian Wang ◽  
◽  
Yaqin Zhu ◽  
Haibo Shi ◽  
Yanting Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Assisted Diagnosis ◽  
3D Cnn

<abstract> <p>Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD) based on brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a popular research field for the computer science and medical engineering. Traditional machine learning and deep learning methods were employed in the classification of brain MRI images in the previous studies. However, the current algorithms rarely take into consideration the influence of multi-scale brain connectivity disorders on some mental diseases. To improve this defect, a deep learning structure was proposed based on MRI images, which was designed to consider the brain's connections at different sizes and the attention of connections. In this work, a Multiscale View (MV) module was proposed, which was designed to detect multi-scale brain network disorders. On the basis of the MV module, the path attention module was also proposed to simulate the attention selection of the parallel paths in the MV module. Based on the two modules, we proposed a 3D Multiscale View Convolutional Neural Network with Attention (3D MVA-CNN) for classification of MRI images for mental disease. The proposed method outperformed the previous 3D CNN structures in the structural MRI data of ADHD-200 and the functional MRI data of schizophrenia. Finally, we also proposed a preliminary framework for clinical application using 3D CNN, and discussed its limitations on data accessing and reliability. This work promoted the assisted diagnosis of mental diseases based on deep learning and provided a novel 3D CNN method based on MRI data.</p> </abstract>

Amentia and Dementia: A Clinico-pathological Study

1905 ◽  
Vol 51 (213) ◽  
pp. 270-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Pathological Study ◽  
General Pathology ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Sensory Reception ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mode Of Development

The following paper consists of further instalments of a research which has been conducted by the author for several years and which deals with the general pathology of mental disease from both clinical and pathological standpoints. The essential bases of a scientific general classification of mental diseases are a morbid anatomy and a general pathology. Before the latter problem could be successfully attacked a prolonged study of the structure and mode of development of the cell-layers of the cortex was necessary. This was commenced by a lengthy investigation of the region of the cortex concerned with the special sense of vision, and a paper on this subject was published in 1900.(1) This paper dealt, by the method of micrometric examination, with the general histology of the regions of the cortex cerebri concerned in the immediate reception (projection centre) and the elaboration (lower associational centre) of visual impressions; and the research resulted in the exact localisation of the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex. This region was described by the author as the “visuo-sensory” area, and to the surrounding area of visual association he applied the term “visuo-psychic.(2) The results obtained from this study of the cortical areas concerned with one special sense were considered sufficient for the purposes of the research, and the region of the cortex cerebri which occupies a higher plane in the hierarchy of cerebral function than those concerned with sensory reception and elaboration was then taken into consideration. Before, however, it was possible to apply the same method to the region of the cortex cerebri concerned in higher association and the general orderly co-ordination of psychic processes, it was first necessary to satisfactorily determine the particular part of the cortex which possesses these functions, as this is the subject of grave dispute on the part of different authors.(3)

Nomenclature of Mental Diseases

1903 ◽  
Vol 49 (205) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mental Diseases

I have ventured to suggest that we should now consider what we are going to do about the classification of mental disorders. Lately, the Royal College of Physicians of London decided to revise the Nomenclature of Diseases, and publish another edition. The President of this College is on the Committee; as is also Dr. Savage, our colleague in London, who has taken much interest in this question. I was somewhat surprised the other day when I asked for a copy of the Nomenclature of Diseases in the Royal Medical Society of London, to find that they did not have a copy in their library—a book which is supposed to guide the profession in the statistical registration of diseases. In 1896, for the third edition, an attempt was made to reform the nomenclature of mental diseases, under the direction of Dr. Hack Tuke and Dr. Savage. In its present state it is still unsatisfactory. The classification with which we have to deal is as follows:—First, there is “idiocy (cretinism), and then mania (acute or chronic), delirious, hysterical, puerperal, epileptic, traumatic, syphilitic, gouty, from either acute or chronic disease, alcoholic, plumbic, or other poisons.” Acute is an absurd word, because we specially want to mark the duration. Acute should be rendered Recent. Then there is “melancholia (acute or chronic), delirious, hypochondriac, climacteric, puerperal, epileptic, syphilitic, acute, other diseases.” Then there is “dementia (primary or secondary), senile, climacteric, puerperal, epileptic, traumatic, syphilitic, acute, other diseases.” Then there is “mental stupor, anergic, delusional.” Then there is “general paralysis.” That is not a mental disease. Lastly, there is “delusional insanity.”

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

scholarly journals Examining the impact of mental disease on type 2 diabetes outcomes: results from the EpiChron Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Guerrero Fernández de Alba ◽  
A Gimeno-Miguel ◽  
B Poblador Plou ◽  
K Bliek Bueno ◽  
J Carmona Pirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Emergency Room Visits ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is often accompanied by other chronic diseases, including mental diseases (MD). This work aimed at studying MD prevalence in T2D patients and analyse its impact on T2D health outcomes. Methods Retrospective, observational study of individuals of the EpiChron Cohort aged 18 and over with prevalent T2D at baseline (2011) in Aragón, Spain (n = 63,365). Participants were categorized by the existence or absence of MD, defined as the presence of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia or substance abuse. MD prevalence was calculated, and a logistic regression model was performed to analyse the likelihood of the four studied health outcomes (4-year all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalization, T2D-hospitalization, and emergency room visits) based on the presence of each type of MD, after adjusting by age, sex and number of comorbidities. Results Mental diseases were observed in 19% of T2D patients, with depression being the most frequent condition, especially in women (20.7% vs. 7.57%). Mortality risk was significantly higher in patients with MD (odds ratio -OR- 1.24; 95% confidence interval -CI- 1.16-1.31), especially in those with substance abuse (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.84-2.57) and schizophrenia (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.50-2.21). The presence of MD also increased the risk of T2D-hospitalization (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.18-1.93), emergency room visits (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.21-1.32) and all-cause hospitalization (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.10-1.23). Conclusions The high prevalence of MD among T2D patients, and its association with health outcomes, underscores the importance of providing integrated, person-centred care and early detection of comorbid mental diseases in T2D patients to improve disease management and health outcomes. Key messages Comprehensive care of T2D should include specific strategies for prevention, early detection, and management of comorbidities, especially mental disorders, in order to reduce their impact on health. Substance abuse was the mental disease with the highest risk of T2D-hospitalization, emergency room visits and all-cause hospitalization.

scholarly journals Re-evaluating DSM-I

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cooper ◽  
R. K. Blashfield
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World War ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Military

The DSM-I is currently viewed as a psychoanalytic classification, and therefore unimportant. There are four reasons to challenge the belief that DSM-I was a psychoanalytic system. First, psychoanalysts were a minority on the committee that created DSM-I. Second, psychoanalysts of the time did not use DSM-I. Third, DSM-I was as infused with Kraepelinian concepts as it was with psychoanalytic concepts. Fourth, contemporary writers who commented on DSM-I did not perceive it as psychoanalytic. The first edition of the DSM arose from a blending of concepts from the Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases, the military psychiatric classifications developed during World War II, and the International Classification of Diseases (6th edition). As a consensual, clinically oriented classification, DSM-I was popular, leading to 20 printings and international recognition. From the perspective inherent in this paper, the continuities between classifications from the first half of the 20th century and the systems developed in the second half (e.g. DSM-III to DSM-5) become more visible.

Classification of mental diseases.

2012 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
A. Ross Diefendorf
Keyword(s):  
Mental Diseases
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