scholarly journals Is psychosis a syndemic manifestation of historical and contemporary adversity? Findings from UK Biobank

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kamaldeep Bhui ◽  
Kristoffer Halvorsrud ◽  
Roisin Mooney ◽  
Georgina M. Hosang
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Latent Constructs ◽  
Icd 10

Background Psychosis is associated with many forms of adversity, deprivation and living in urban areas. Aims To investigate whether psychosis is part of a syndemic of multiple adversities. Method Drawing on UK Biobank (UKBB) data (Project ID: 57601), we sought to understand mechanisms by which childhood, recent/contemporary and place-based adversities might cluster and interact to be implicated in pathways by which psychoses evolve. We investigated the associations between adversities, potential mediating inflammatory markers and ICD-10 diagnoses (F20–F31) of psychotic disorders. We fitted logistic regression models initially including all relevant candidate variables and used backwards deletion to retain theoretically plausible and statistically significant (P < 0.05) associations with psychotic disorders. The candidate variables were entered in a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to test for syndemic interactions between risk factors. We tested whether the findings were sensitive to demographics, gender and ethnicity. Results We fitted a PLS-SEM including psychosis as a syndemic outcome, and identified three latent constructs: lifetime adversity, current adversity and biomarkers. Factor loadings were above 0.30, and all structural paths were significant (P < 0.05). There were moderate associations between lifetime adversity and current adversity (standardised coefficient s.c. = 0.178) and between current adversity and biomarkers (s.c. = 0.227). All three latent constructs showed small but significant associations with psychosis (s.c. < 0.04). Lifetime adversity and current adversity were more strongly associated among ethnic minorities (combined) than White British people. Conclusions Our findings stress the importance of interactions between childhood and contemporary adversities in preventive and therapeutic interventions for psychotic disorders, especially among ethnic minorities.

scholarly journals How Does China’s New Consumption Era Reshape Residents’ Shopping Behaviors from the Perspective of Community in Hohhot, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7599
Author(s):  
Fangqu Niu ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
New Era ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Variable Influence ◽  
The City

In the new consumption era, the popularization and application of information technology has continuously enriched residents’ consumption channels, gradually reshaping their consumption concepts and shopping behaviors. In this paper, Hohhot is taken as a case study, using open-source big data and field survey data to theorize the characteristics and mechanism of residents’ shopping behaviors in different segments of consumers based on geography. First, communities were divided into five types according to their location and properties: main communities in urban areas (MCs), historical communities in urban areas (HCs), high-grade communities in the outskirts of the city (HGCs), mid-grade communities in urban peripheries (MGCs), and urban villages (UVs). On this basis, a structural equation model is used to explore the characteristics of residents’ shopping behaviors and their influencing mechanisms in the new consumption era. The results showed that: (1) The online shopping penetration rate of residents in UVs and HCs is lowest, and that of residents in HGC is highest. (2) The types of products purchased in online and offline shopping by different types of community show certain differences. (3) From the perspective of influencing mechanisms, residents’ characteristics directly affect their shopping behaviors and, indirectly (through the choice of community where they live and their consumption attitudes), their differences in shopping behaviors. Different properties of communities cannot directly affect residents’ shopping behaviors, but they can affect them indirectly by influencing consumption attitudes and then affect such behaviors. Typical consumption attitudes of the new era, such as shopping for luxuries and emerging consumption, have the most significant and direct influence on shopping behaviors, as well as an intermediate and variable influence.

scholarly journals Using Structural Equation Modeling to Jointly Estimate Maternal and Foetal Effects on Birthweight in the UK Biobank

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M Warrington ◽  
Rachel Freathy ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
David M Evans
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Genotype Information ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundTo date, 60 genetic variants have been robustly associated with birthweight. It is unclear whether these associations represent the effect of an individual’s own genotype on their birthweight, their mother’s genotype, or both.MethodsWe demonstrate how structural equation modelling (SEM) can be used to estimate both maternal and foetal effects when phenotype information is present for individuals in two generations and genotype information is available on the older individual. We conduct an extensive simulation study to assess the bias, power and type 1 error rates of the SEM and also apply the SEM to birthweight data in the UK Biobank study.ResultsUnlike simple regression models, our approach is unbiased when there is both a maternal and foetal effect. The method can be used when either the individual’s own phenotype or the phenotype of their offspring is not available, and allows the inclusion of summary statistics from additional cohorts where raw data cannot be shared. We show that the type 1 error rate of the method is appropriate, there is substantial statistical power to detect a genetic variant that has a moderate effect on the phenotype, and reasonable power to detect whether it is a foetal and/or maternal effect. We also identify a subset of birth weight associated SNPs that have opposing maternal and foetal effects in the UK Biobank.ConclusionsOur results show that SEM can be used to estimate parameters that would be difficult to quantify using simple statistical methods alone.Key MessagesWe describe a structural equation model to estimate both maternal and foetal effects when phenotype information is present for individuals in two generations and genotype information is available on the older individual.Using simulation, we show that our approach is unbiased when there is both a maternal and foetal effect, unlike simple linear regression models. Additionally, we illustrate that the structural equation model is largely robust to measurement error and missing data for either the individual’s own phenotype or the phenotype of their offspring.We describe how the flexibility of the structural equation modelling framework will allow the inclusion of summary statistics from studies that are unable to share raw data.Using the structural equation model to estimate the maternal and foetal effects of known birthweight associated loci in the UK Biobank, we identify three loci that have primary effects through the maternal genome and six loci that have opposite effects in the maternal and foetal genomes.

scholarly journals PENGARUH 4P DAN KUALITAS LAYANAN TERHADAP KINERJA PEMASARAN MELALUI MOTIVASI MEMBELI - AGEN PERUSAHAAN PT. ERATAMA PUTRA MANDIRI BANYUWANGI

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Ice Ratna Kumala
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Indicator Variable ◽  
Latent Constructs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh 4P dan kuualitas layanan terhadap kinerja melalui motivasi membei Agen Perusahaan terhadap kinerja PT. Eratama Putra Mandiri Banyuwangi. Analisis data menggunakan SEM Structural Sqution Model) Dan program PLS GSCA. Populasi  penelitian ini berjumlah 130 Agen dan sampel yang diambil 60 Age dengan metode  Convenience sampling. Hasil penelitiian menunjukkan bahwa : Dari persamaan struktural dapat diketahui hubungan konstruk laten eksogen terhadap konstruk laten endogen. terlihat bahwa variabel Kinerja (Y)lebih dominan dipengaruhi oleh variabel latent Motivation (X3) yaitu dengan nilai pengaruh tertinggi sebesar 0,587adalah 58.7 %. Sedangkan Motivation (X3) ternyata lebih dominan dipengaruhi oleh variabel Service Quality (X2), dimana indikator (variabel manifest) yang paling baik dalam membentuk variabel Service Quality (X2) adalah X2.5 (Empaty) dengan loading faktor tertinggi sebesar 0,893adalah 89,3 % . Dengan demikian apabila pihak manajemen ingin meninggikan nilai variabel Service Quality (X2) maka rekomendasi secara statistik mengenai indikator perlu diprioritaskan untuk diperbaiki adalah indikator X2.5 (Empaty)Kata Kunci: Kualitas Layanan, Motivasi membeli, Kinerja Pemasaran AbstractThis study aims to analyze the influence of 4P and the quality of service to performance through buying motivation Agent Company to the performance of PT. Eratama Putra Mandiri Banyuwangi. Data analysis using SEM Structural Equation  Model) and GSCA PLS program The population of this study amounted to 130 Agents and samples taken 60 Agen by the method. Marketing Mix Analysis and quality of service to  motivation to buy Consument to buy Fish Products in PT Eratama Putra Mandiri. Continuity of a company can be influenced by the marketing strategy and quality of service performed by the company given to influence the motivation of consumers to buy. This study aims to determine the effect of 4P marketing and service quality that has been done by the company PT. Eratama Putra Mandiri in affecting Motivation buy products by customers to buy Seafood Product. The results showed that: Equations we can know the relationship of exogenous latent constructs to endogenous latent constructs. it can be seen that performance variable (Y) is more dominant influenced by latent motivation variable (X3) that is with highest value of influence equal to 0,587 is 58,7 %. While Motivation (X3) is more dominantly influenced by Service Quality (X2) variable, where the best indicator (variable manifest) in establishing Service Quality (X2) variable is X2.5 (Empathy) with loading factor highest is 0.893 is 89%. Thus if the management wants to raise the value of Service Quality (X2) variable then the statistical recommendation of the indicators should be prioritized for improvement is the indicator X2.5 (Empathy)Keywords: Marketing Mix 4P, Service Quality, Buying Motivation

scholarly journals Uwarunkowania skłonności do palenia papierosów. Wyniki modelowania równań strukturalnych

2017 ◽  
pp. 49-69
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Czaderny
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Icd 10

According to the age-period-cohort projection of lung cancer incidence (ICD-10 codes C33-C34), smoking prevention will be crucial for both men and women longevity. Lung cancer remains the main cancer cause of death among males in Poland. In 2014 the number of deaths in Poland caused by lung cancer among men was more than twice as high as for women. The study is focused on identification of attitudes influencing the propensity to smoke, which is performed by structural equation modelling (SEM) based on weighted least squares means and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimation. Good fit of the presented models is demonstrated by RMSEA, NNFI and CFI values. Reliability of scales is assessed by ordinal alpha and ordinal theta coefficients. Commitment to learning in childhood exhibits the highest standardized effect on propensity to smoke, which is an argument for youth smoking prevention. Structural equation model was estimated for men and women separately because of gender differences in smoking determinants. A strong character, individualism and self-reliance are the factors, which increase smoking propensity among males. These can be treated as features of masculinity and are not statistically important determinants of being a smoker for females. Depressive disorders, being a victim of violence as adults are statistically significant determinants of smoking among women.

scholarly journals Structural equation model of physical activity in Turkish schoolchildren: an application of the integrated behavioural model

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e046317
Author(s):  
Chloe Mirzayi ◽  
Emily Ferris ◽  
Hilal Ozcebe ◽  
Ewelina Swierad ◽  
Umut Arslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Latent Constructs ◽  
Behavioural Model

ObjectivesChildhood obesity is increasingly prevalent in the developing world including Turkey. This study examined constructs of the integrated behavioural model associated with physical activity in a sample of schoolchildren in Ankara, Turkey using structural equation modelling.DesignCross-sectional survey by probability sampling.SettingFifteen schools of different socioeconomic strata in Ankara, Turkey with grade 4 students.Participants2066 (969 girls and 1097 boys) grade 4 schoolchildren and their parents selected using a probability-based sampling frame.Primary outcome measuresThree primary outcomes were used: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, team sport participation, sedentary behaviour.ResultsData were collected from 2066 fourth-grade children from schools of three socioeconomic strata. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation. To examine the integrated behavioural model, a structural equation model containing latent constructs for physical activity outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, home environment and social norms were fitted with the three outcomes above. Adequate model fit was achieved in the structural equation model (χ2=1821.97, df=872, p<0.001, Comparative Fit Index=0.91, Tucker Lewis Index=0.91, root mean square error of approximation=0.02, standardised root mean square residual=0.04). All scale items were significantly associated with their respective latent constructs (all p<0.001). Several significant pathways between latent constructs and outcomes of interest were observed (p<0.05). Self-efficacy was positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.001) and team sport participation (p<0.001) and negatively associated with sedentary behaviour (p<0.001). Negative outcome expectancies were negatively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.01) and sedentary behaviour (p<0.01) while positive outcome expectancies were positively associated with team sport behaviour (p<0.001) and negatively associated with sedentary behaviour (p<0.05). Home support was positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.01) and team sport participation (p<0.05). Finally, physical activity social norms were negatively associated with sedentary behaviour only (p<0.05).ConclusionsThis study supported the extension to Turkish children of the integrated behavioural model in relation to physical activity behaviours. Results illustrate multiple targets for interventions to increase physical activity.

scholarly journals Rural Morphology and Forces Driving Change in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas: A Case Study in Fujian, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4590
Author(s):  
Lishan Xiao ◽  
Peiqi Shi ◽  
Tong Lin ◽  
Ning Chen ◽  
Sha Huang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Adaptive Policy ◽  
Urbanization In China

Rapid urbanization in China has transformed many rural areas from agriculture-dominated to diverse systems, but studies of rural morphology are limited compared to studies of urban settlement. This paper uses a fractal dimension (FD) value to analyze the change in rural morphology in Fujian Province, a region with a long history of rural settlement and rapid recent urbanization, and to explore the factors that influenced this change. We found that the rural FD value increased from 2000 to 2012 and that rural morphology was spatially heterogeneous. FD was generally lower than in urban areas but very close to a typical urban area value in the southeast coastal region. A structural equation model was used to identify key factors influencing rural morphology, which were natural conditions, rurality and economic development, while historic administration had the smallest positive effect. With a long history and unique administrative system, the spatial morphology of Chinese rural areas has shown characteristics distinct from compact urban or scattered rural areas. The urban planning method adopted by rural planners is not suitable in rural regions, because the planning potential of rural areas with high and low FD values varies. Although rural planning currently uses a very similar approach to urban planning, it should use a local, flexible and adaptive policy based on rural morphological characteristics.

Idiographic Dynamics of Positive Affect in GAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-509
Author(s):  
Hannah G. Bosley ◽  
Devon B. Sandel ◽  
Aaron J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Regulatory Strategy ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Automatic Search ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Exploratory Procedure

Abstract. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with worry and emotion regulation difficulties. The contrast-avoidance model suggests that individuals with GAD use worry to regulate emotion: by worrying, they maintain a constant state of negative affect (NA), avoiding a feared sudden shift into NA. We tested an extension of this model to positive affect (PA). During a week-long ecological momentary assessment (EMA) period, 96 undergraduates with a GAD analog provided four daily measurements of worry, dampening (i.e., PA suppression), and PA. We hypothesized a time-lagged mediation relationship in which higher worry predicts later dampening, and dampening predicts subsequently lower PA. A lag-2 structural equation model was fit to the group-aggregated data and to each individual time-series to test this hypothesis. Although worry and PA were negatively correlated in 87 participants, our model was not supported at the nomothetic level. However, idiographically, our model was well-fit for about a third (38.5%) of participants. We then used automatic search as an idiographic exploratory procedure to detect other time-lagged relationships between these constructs. While 46 individuals exhibited some cross-lagged relationships, no clear pattern emerged across participants. An alternative hypothesis about the speed of the relationship between variables is discussed using contemporaneous correlations of worry, dampening, and PA. Findings suggest heterogeneity in the function of worry as a regulatory strategy, and the importance of temporal scale for detection of time-lagged effects.

Differential Item Functioning in Brief Instruments of Disordered Eating

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desiree Thielemann ◽  
Felicitas Richter ◽  
Bernd Strauss ◽  
Elmar Braehler ◽  
Uwe Altmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Item Functioning ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
German Population ◽  
Test Fairness ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Multiple Indicator

Abstract. Most instruments for the assessment of disordered eating were developed and validated in young female samples. However, they are often used in heterogeneous general population samples. Therefore, brief instruments of disordered eating should assess the severity of disordered eating equally well between individuals with different gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic status (SES). Differential item functioning (DIF) of two brief instruments of disordered eating (SCOFF, Eating Attitudes Test [EAT-8]) was modeled in a representative sample of the German population ( N = 2,527) using a multigroup item response theory (IRT) and a multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) structural equation model (SEM) approach. No DIF by age was found in both questionnaires. Three items of the EAT-8 showed DIF across gender, indicating that females are more likely to agree than males, given the same severity of disordered eating. One item of the EAT-8 revealed slight DIF by BMI. DIF with respect to the SCOFF seemed to be negligible. Both questionnaires are equally fair across people with different age and SES. The DIF by gender that we found with respect to the EAT-8 as screening instrument may be also reflected in the use of different cutoff values for men and women. In general, both brief instruments assessing disordered eating revealed their strengths and limitations concerning test fairness for different groups.

The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Feedback on Subsequent Goals

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Ilies ◽  
Timothy A. Judge ◽  
David T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Business School ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dispositional Measure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reactions To Feedback

This paper focuses on explaining how individuals set goals on multiple performance episodes, in the context of performance feedback comparing their performance on each episode with their respective goal. The proposed model was tested through a longitudinal study of 493 university students’ actual goals and performance on business school exams. Results of a structural equation model supported the proposed conceptual model in which self-efficacy and emotional reactions to feedback mediate the relationship between feedback and subsequent goals. In addition, as expected, participants’ standing on a dispositional measure of behavioral inhibition influenced the strength of their emotional reactions to negative feedback.

Forced Zero Cross-Loading Misspecifications in Measurement Component of Structural Equation Models

Methodology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsien-Yuan Hsu ◽  
Susan Troncoso Skidmore ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Bruce Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Simulation Design ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Path Coefficients

The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the effect of constraining near-zero parameter cross-loadings to zero in the measurement component of a structural equation model. A Monte Carlo 3 × 5 × 2 simulation design was conducted (i.e., sample sizes of 200, 600, and 1,000; parameter cross-loadings of 0.07, 0.10, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.19 misspecified to be zero; and parameter path coefficients in the structural model of either 0.50 or 0.70). Results indicated that factor pattern coefficients and factor covariances were overestimated in measurement models when near-zero parameter cross-loadings constrained to zero were higher than 0.13 in the population. Moreover, the path coefficients between factors were misestimated when the near-zero parameter cross-loadings constrained to zero were noteworthy. Our results add to the literature detailing the importance of testing individual model specification decisions, and not simply evaluating omnibus model fit statistics.

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