scholarly journals Laterality phenotypes in patients with schizophrenia, their siblings and controls: Associations with clinical and cognitive variables

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Dragovic ◽  
Geoff Hammond ◽  
Johanna C. Badcock ◽  
Assen Jablensky
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Hand Dominance ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Behavioural Asymmetries ◽  
Grade Of Membership

BackgroundVarious behavioural indices of brain lateralisation significantly intercorrelate, but current research in this area still focuses on single behavioural asymmetries, such as handedness.AimsTo describe a novel approach, which simultaneously integrates various laterality indices and delineates complex phenotypes.MethodGrade of membership analysis was used to describe latent, complex lateralisation phenotypes in patients with schizophrenia (n=157), their siblings (n=74) and controls (n=77). The indices used were asymmetries of eye, foot and hand; hand motor proficiency; and handedness of patient's first-degree relatives.ResultsThree distinct pure types of lateralisation (‘right’, ‘left’ and ‘mixed’) were evident in patients compared with two (‘right’ and ‘left’) in siblings and controls. The ‘mixed’ type in patients featured absence of eye and foot lateralisation and presence of familial sinistrality, despite a right-hand dominance for writing. Patients with schizophrenia expressing the ‘left’ phenotype had a more severe course of illness, significantly increased scores on two schizotypy factors and poorer neurocognitive performance. The pure types in the siblings were similar to those in healthy controls.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that a leftward reversal, rather than a reduction in lateralisation, is associated with clinical severity and neurocognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Phenotypic homogeneity in childhood epilepsies evolves in gene-specific patterns across 3251 patient-years of clinical data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lewis-Smith ◽  
Shiva Ganesan ◽  
Peter D. Galer ◽  
Katherine L. Helbig ◽  
Sarah E. McKeown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Similarity Analysis ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Human Phenotype ◽  
Phenotypic Similarity ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Cognitive Framework ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Genetic Epilepsies

AbstractWhile genetic studies of epilepsies can be performed in thousands of individuals, phenotyping remains a manual, non-scalable task. A particular challenge is capturing the evolution of complex phenotypes with age. Here, we present a novel approach, applying phenotypic similarity analysis to a total of 3251 patient-years of longitudinal electronic medical record data from a previously reported cohort of 658 individuals with genetic epilepsies. After mapping clinical data to the Human Phenotype Ontology, we determined the phenotypic similarity of individuals sharing each genetic etiology within each 3-month age interval from birth up to a maximum age of 25 years. 140 of 600 (23%) of all 27 genes and 3-month age intervals with sufficient data for calculation of phenotypic similarity were significantly higher than expect by chance. 11 of 27 genetic etiologies had significant overall phenotypic similarity trajectories. These do not simply reflect strong statistical associations with single phenotypic features but appear to emerge from complex clinical constellations of features that may not be strongly associated individually. As an attempt to reconstruct the cognitive framework of syndrome recognition in clinical practice, longitudinal phenotypic similarity analysis extends the traditional phenotyping approach by utilizing data from electronic medical records at a scale that is far beyond the capabilities of manual phenotyping. Delineation of how the phenotypic homogeneity of genetic epilepsies varies with age could improve the phenotypic classification of these disorders, the accuracy of prognostic counseling, and by providing historical control data, the design and interpretation of precision clinical trials in rare diseases.

scholarly journals Preliminary Evidence for a Sex-Specific Relationship between Amount of Cannabis Use and Neurocognitive Performance in Young Adult Cannabis Users

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natania A. Crane ◽  
Randi Melissa Schuster ◽  
Raul Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests neuropsychological deficits from cannabis use, with a burgeoning area of preclinical research indicating possible sex-differences. However, few studies have examined how cannabis use may differentially impact neurocognition in male and female cannabis users. As such, we examined potential sex-differences in associations between amount of cannabis use (across several time frames) and neurocognitive performance among young adult regular cannabis users. Consistent with previous studies, more cannabis use was generally associated with poorer episodic memory and decision-making, but not other measures of inhibitory control. However, patterns of results suggested sex-specific dissociations. In particular, more cannabis use was more consistently associated with poorer episodic memory performance in females than males. Conversely, more cannabis use was associated with poorer decision-making performance for males, but not females. These results provide further evidence for residual cannabis-associated neurocognitive deficits and suggest the importance of examining the impact of cannabis on neurocognition separately for males and females. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–7)

Risks of Young Age for Selected Neurocognitive Deficits in Medulloblastoma Are Associated With White Matter Loss

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond K. Mulhern ◽  
Shawna L. Palmer ◽  
Wilburn E. Reddick ◽  
John O. Glass ◽  
Larry E. Kun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Neurocognitive Tests ◽  
Neurocognitive Test

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that inadequate development of normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) is associated with the relationship between young age at the time of craniospinal irradiation (CRT) and deficient neurocognitive performance in survivors of childhood medulloblastoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients treated since 1985 participated in this cross-sectional study. All had been treated with CRT with or without chemotherapy and had survived 1 or more years after treatment. Neurocognitive evaluations were conducted with tests of intellect (intelligent quotient; IQ), verbal memory, and sustained attention. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, using a hybrid neural network, assessed the volume of NAWM. RESULTS: Neurocognitive test results were below normal expectations for age at the time of testing. A young age at CRT was significantly associated with worse performance on all neurocognitive tests except that of verbal memory. An increased time from completion of CRT was significantly associated with worse performance on all neurocognitive tests except that of sustained attention. After statistically controlling for the effects of time from CRT, we examined the association of NAWM with neurocognitive test results. These analyses revealed that NAWM accounted for a significant amount of the association between age at CRT and IQ, factual knowledge, and verbal and nonverbal thinking, but not sustained attention or verbal memory. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that, at least for some cognitive functions, deficient development and/or loss of NAWM after CRT may provide a neuroanatomical substrate for the adverse impact of a young age at the time of CRT.

scholarly journals Immune Dysregulation Is Associated with Neurodevelopment and Neurocognitive Performance in HIV Pediatric Populations—A Scoping Review

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2543
Author(s):  
Monray E. Williams ◽  
Anicia Janse Van Rensburg ◽  
Du Toit Loots ◽  
Petrus J. W. Naudé ◽  
Shayne Mason
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Eligibility Criterion ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1 is known for its complex interaction with the dysregulated immune system and is responsible for the development of neurocognitive deficits and neurodevelopmental delays in pediatric HIV populations. Considering that HIV-1-induced immune dysregulation and its association with neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive impairments in pediatric populations are not well understood, we conducted a scoping review on this topic. The study aimed to systematically review the association of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune markers with neurocognitive deficits and neurodevelopmental delays in pediatric HIV populations. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using a search protocol designed specifically for this study. Studies were selected based on a set eligibility criterion. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were assessed by two independent reviewers. Data from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed by two independent reviewers. Seven studies were considered eligible for use in this context, which included four cross-sectional and three longitudinal studies. An average of 130 (±70.61) children living with HIV, 138 (±65.37) children exposed to HIV but uninfected and 90 (±86.66) HIV-negative participants were included across the seven studies. Results indicate that blood and CSF immune markers are associated with neurocognitive development/performance in pediatric HIV populations. Only seven studies met the inclusion criteria, therefore, these limited the number of significant conclusions which could have been made by using such an approach. All considered, the evidence suggests that immune dysregulation, as in the case of adult HIV populations, also has a significant association with neurocognitive performance in pediatric HIV populations.

600 Differential Impact of Overnight Delta Power Dynamics on Neurocognition among Adolescents with ADHD versus Healthy Controls

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A236-A236
Author(s):  
Jessica Lunsford-Avery ◽  
Andrew Krystal ◽  
Leah Jackson ◽  
Scott Kollins
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Psychiatric Evaluation ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Delta Power ◽  
Sleep Physiology

Abstract Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with neurocognitive impairment; however, mechanisms contributing to neurocognitive deficits in ADHD are poorly understood. Sleep disturbance is common in ADHD, and our previous work has shown associations between overnight delta power dynamics (lower initial delta peak, slower delta decline) and poorer neurocognition among individuals with insomnia, suggesting these processes may underlie sleep restoration. This study investigates relationships between delta power dynamics and neurocognition among adolescents with ADHD versus healthy controls (HC). Methods In this ongoing study, 47 adolescents aged 13–17 (19 ADHD, 23 females, mean age=15.26) participated in a psychiatric evaluation and three nights of ambulatory polysomnography (PSG). Following the third night, participants completed the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Spectral analysis was conducted on a single O1-C3 channel and epochs were movement/artifact-free. Sleep variables were averaged over 3 nights. General linear models controlling for age, sex, total sleep time (TST), and wake after sleep onset (WASO) examined the effects of delta dynamics on neurocognition (summary score derived from principal components analysis of CANTAB subtests) and whether these associations differed across groups. Results PSG sleep variables did not differ by group (p’s>.05). Significant effects of group (F(7,36)=23.10, p<.0001), delta decline (F(7,36)=10.89, p=.002), and the group by delta decline interaction (F(7,36)=14.23, p=.0006) were observed. Results regarding initial delta peak showed a similar pattern, with a trend toward a main effect of initial delta peak (F(7,36)=3.53, p=.07) and a significant group by initial delta peak interaction effect (F(7,36)=9.91, p=.003) on neurocognition. Lower initial delta peak and slower delta decline were associated with poorer cognition among ADHD, but not HC, youth after covarying for age, sex, TST, and WASO. Conclusion Overnight delta power dynamics may contribute to neurocognitive performance among adolescents with ADHD after accounting for sleep restriction and nighttime awakenings, highlighting the potential importance of sleep physiology in understanding neurocognitive deficits in this population. Future studies should identify whether there are phenotypic subgroups within ADHD characterized by disrupted overnight delta dynamics and examine whether insomnia treatments that impact delta decline (e.g., Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment—Insomnia) improve neurocognitive performance among adolescents with ADHD. Support (if any) This work was supported by K23MH108704 to Dr. Lunsford-Avery.

scholarly journals Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Aleman ◽  
Niruj Agrawal ◽  
Kevin D. Morgan ◽  
Anthony S. David
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Neuropsychological Dysfunction ◽  
Impaired Awareness ◽  
Specific Association

BackgroundOne factor contributing to impaired awareness of illness (poor insight) in psychotic disorders may be neurocognitive deficits.MethodA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted after data extraction. Following an overall analysis, in which measures of different cognitive domains were taken together, more finegrained analyses investigated whether there was a specific relation with frontal executive functioning, and whether this was influenced by diagnosis or the insight scales used.ResultsThere was a significant mean correlation between insight ratings and neurocognitive performance (mean weighted r=0.17, 95% CI 0.13–0.21, z=8.3, P < 0.0001), based on 35 studies with a total of 2354 individuals. Further analyses revealed that the effect of general intellectual impairment was smaller than the specific association with executive function. This was only the case for psychosis in general, and not in an analysis limited to schizophrenia, where all cognitive domains were associated with impaired insight to a similar degree.ConclusionsNeuropsychological dysfunction, specifically impairment of set-shifting and error monitoring, contributes to poor insight in psychosis. Specific relations with different dimensions of insight and the putative role of metacognitive functions require further study.

Electroencephalographic Abnormalities in Monozygotic Twins with Tourette's Syndrome

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hyde ◽  
Helene A. Emsellem ◽  
Christopher Randolph ◽  
Kenneth C. Rickler ◽  
Daniel R. Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Tourette's Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Motor Circuits

The association of attentional, neuropsychological, and behavioural abnormalities with Tourette's syndrome (TS) suggests that the abnormal function of the disorder extends beyond the motor circuits of the basal ganglia. To explore this possibility we studied, with conventional 18-channel electroencephalography, monozygotic twins ranging from 8 to 26 years of age, where at least one member of the twin pair suffered from TS. In nine out of the 11 twin pairs that differed in clinical severity of the tic disorder, the twin with the more severe course of illness had a significantly more abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) by qualitative visual analysis. Most of the differences were due to excessive frontocentral theta activity, suggesting dysfunction outside the basal ganglia. There was also a significant relationship between a lower global neuropsychological testing score and a worse overall EEG. In eight of nine twin sets with different global neuropsychological testing scores, the twin with the lower score had a worse EEG. A similar relationship was found between birth weight and overall EEG quality. In the nine sets that differed in birth weight, the twin with a lower birth weight had a worse EEG in seven of the sets. The EEG findings are unlikely to be a medication effect because the same result was seen in the six twin pairs who had been medication-free for at least six months before entry into the study. The origin of this slowing may relate to the interaction between environmental insults to the central nervous system and the genetic component of TS, an interaction producing damage to the cortex, thalamus, or both.

scholarly journals Saliva microRNA Biomarkers of Cumulative Concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7758
Author(s):  
Steven D. Hicks ◽  
Robert P. Olympia ◽  
Cayce Onks ◽  
Raymond Y. Kim ◽  
Kevin J. Zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Recurrent concussions increase risk for persistent post-concussion symptoms, and may lead to chronic neurocognitive deficits. Little is known about the molecular pathways that contribute to persistent concussion symptoms. We hypothesized that salivary measurement of microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), a class of epitranscriptional molecules implicated in concussion pathophysiology, would provide insights about the molecular cascade resulting from recurrent concussions. This hypothesis was tested in a case-control study involving 13 former professional football athletes with a history of recurrent concussion, and 18 age/sex-matched peers. Molecules of interest were further validated in a cross-sectional study of 310 younger individuals with a history of no concussion (n = 230), a single concussion (n = 56), or recurrent concussions (n = 24). There was no difference in neurocognitive performance between the former professional athletes and their peers, or among younger individuals with varying concussion exposures. However, younger individuals without prior concussion outperformed peers with prior concussion on three balance assessments. Twenty salivary miRNAs differed (adj. p < 0.05) between former professional athletes and their peers. Two of these (miR-28-3p and miR-339-3p) demonstrated relationships (p < 0.05) with the number of prior concussions reported by younger individuals. miR-28-3p and miR-339-5p may play a role in the pathophysiologic mechanism involved in cumulative concussion effects.

scholarly journals Psychopathology and Neurocognition in the Era of the p-Factor: The Current Landscape and the Road Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-249
Author(s):  
Darren Haywood ◽  
Frank D. Baughman ◽  
Barbara A. Mullan ◽  
Karen R. Heslop
Keyword(s):  
Structural Models ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Neurocognitive Functioning ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Road ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Individual ◽  
P Factor

Neurocognitive abilities have frequently been claimed to be involved in the aetiology of psychopathology. Neurocognitive deficits have been reported across many disorders, and theoretical perspectives associate these deficits to the onset and maintenance of the symptomology. Recently, the heterogeneity of symptoms, and comorbidity of disorders, have motivated the development of structural models of psychopathology. Structural models indicate that factors such as internalising, externalising, thought disorder and the p-factor account for a wide variety of symptomology. It is unclear how neurocognitive abilities are best examined within these structures to advance our understanding of psychopathology. In this paper, we use Caspi et al.’s seminal writings as a framework to describe how neurocognitive abilities have been previously associated with categorical disorders and recently associated, and claimed to drive, the factors of psychopathology. We discuss the implications of the p-factor as a substantive construct or statistical artefact, and how this impacts the exploration of neurocognitive abilities and psychopathology. Further, we provide the case for alternative structural approaches, describe an innovative hypothesis of neurocognitive functioning, the multidimensional hypothesis, and explain how this may further our understanding of the heterogeneity of neurocognitive performance and psychopathology at the individual level. Finally, we provide a road forward for the future examination of neurocognitive abilities in psychopathology.

scholarly journals Distance-dependent consistency thresholds for generating group-representative structural brain networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Betzel ◽  
Alessandra Griffa ◽  
Patric Hagmann ◽  
Bratislav Mišić
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Maladaptive Behavior ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structural Brain

Large-scale structural brain networks encode white-matter connectivity patterns among distributed brain areas. These connection patterns are believed to support cognitive processes and, when compromised, can lead to neurocognitive deficits and maladaptive behavior. A powerful approach for studying the organizing principles of brain networks is to construct group-representative networks from multi-subject cohorts. Doing so amplifies signal to noise ratios and provides a clearer picture of brain network organization. Here, we show that current approaches for generating grouprepresentative networks over-estimate the proportion of short-range connections present in a network and, as a result, fail to match subject-level networks along a wide range of network statistics. We present an alternative approach that preserves the connection-length distribution of individual subjects. Due to this simple modification, the networks generated using this novel approach successfully recapitulate subject-level properties, outperforming all existing approaches by better preserving features that promote integrative brain function rather than segregative. The method developed here holds promise for future studies investigating basic organizational principles and features of largescale structural brain networks.

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