scholarly journals Association between prenatal exposure to analgesics and risk of schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 185 (5) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger J. Sørensen ◽  
Erik L. Mortensen ◽  
June M. Reinisch ◽  
Sarnoff A. Mednick
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Using Data

BackgroundDisturbances in the central nervous system originating during foetal life may increase the risk of schizophrenia.AimsTo illuminate the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to analgesics may affect foetal neurodevelopment, leading to increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood.MethodUsing data from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort and from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, we studied the relationship between prenatal exposure to analgesics and the risk of schizophrenia. The effect of prenatal exposure was adjusted for parental history of schizophrenia, second-trimester viral infections, concomitant drug treatment during pregnancy, an index of pregnancy complications, parental social status and parental age.ResultsIn a risk set of 7999 individuals, 116 cases of schizophrenia were found (1.5%). Prenatal exposure to analgesics in the second trimester was associated with an elevated risk (adjusted odds ratio 4.75, 95% CI1.9–12.0). Independent of the covariates, the effect remained statistically significant.ConclusionsIndependent of a wide range of possible confounders, a significant association between second-trimester exposure to analgesics and increased risk of schizophrenia was observed.

Abstract 36: Association of Parental Stroke with Cognitive and Brain MRI Measures in Offspring - The Framingham Heart Study

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
GALIT WEINSTEIN ◽  
Alexa Beiser ◽  
Rhoda Au ◽  
Charles DeCarli ◽  
Philip A Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Abstract Reasoning ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Objectives- Parental stroke is related to an increased risk of stroke among the offspring. Vascular related brain changes, however, often occur before clinical stroke and the association of parental history of stroke and structural brain measures and cognition has not been fully explored. We hypothesized that prospectively verified parental stroke will be associated with increased vascular brain injury and poorer cognitive performance. Methods- A total of 1,297 Framingham offspring (mean age: 61 ± 9 years, 54% women) were studied. Of these, 9.9% had prospectively identified stroke in one or both parents before age 65. Volumetric brain MRI measures of total cerebral brain volume (TCBV), regional brain volumes, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and covert brain infarcts (CBI) and performance on tests of verbal memory, abstract reasoning, verbal learning and visuospatial memory (VRd) were compared for offspring with and without parental history of stroke. All measures were assessed cross-sectionally and longitudinally (mean duration of follow-up was 6.1±1.2 years). We used models adjusted only for age, sex, education and also additionally adjusted for vascular risk factors and for WMHV as an index of subclinical vascular brain injury. GEE models were used to adjust for sibling relationships among offspring. Results- Higher WMHV (β±SE=0.17±0.08;p=0.027) and lower VRd scores (β±SE=-0.80±0.34; p=0.017) at baseline were found in offspring with parental history of stroke. In addition, participants with parental stroke by age 65 years were more likely to be in the highest quintile of increase in WMHV (OR=1.87;p=0.04) as well as worsening executive function (Trails B-A) (OR:1.81;p=0.03). Parental stroke was not associated with total and regional brain volumes or with memory, abstract reasoning and verbal learning. Conclusions- In our community-based sample of middle-aged asymptomatic subjects, the occurrence of parental stroke by age 65 years is associated with higher baseline WMHV and with a more rapid increase in WMHV. Further, parental stroke is also associated with poorer performance on VRd and a decline in executive function. The effects on baseline WMH and VRd were substantial equivalent to 2.8 and 7 years of brain aging, respectively.

scholarly journals Mannan-Binding Lectin Levels and Activity Are Not Altered in Atopic Dermatitis Patients with a History of Eczema Herpeticum

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemp W. Bundy ◽  
Laura Y. McGirt ◽  
Lora G. Bankova ◽  
Andreas Wollenberg ◽  
Lisa A. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Eczema Herpeticum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mannan Binding Lectin ◽  
Binding Lectin

Background. Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a potentially serious, systemic complication in subjects with atopic dermatitis (AD) caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). The innate immune dysregulation that predisposes these subjects to cutaneous viral infections is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that defects in mannan-binding lectin (MBL) may be associated with an increased risk of EH.Methods. We evaluated serum MBL levels and functional activity in 13 AD subjects with a history of EH (EH+) and 21 AD subjects with no history of EH (EH−). MBL levels were detected by enzyme immunoassay. MBL pathway functional activity was evaluated by determining MBL C4b deposition capacity.Results. We found no statistical difference in MBL serum levels or function between EH+ and EH− groups.Conclusion. Considering the limitations of this study (e.g., small samples size) our findings suggest that MBL defects do not play a role in EH.

Infections of the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Françoise Gray ◽  
Kum Thong Wong ◽  
Francesco Scaravilli ◽  
Leroy R. Sharer
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
System P ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Agent

This chapter describes and illustrates the different lesions observed in CNS infections. A wide variety of pathogenic infectious organisms may affect the CNS. They can be classified as “pathogenic” (causing disease in every individual) or “opportunistic” (affecting only patients with immunodeficiency). Bacteria may cause pyogenic infections or so-called “specific infections,” in which the morphology of the lesions is suggestive of a specific agent. Mycoses and parasitic infections used to be uncommon, restricted to certain countries; however, due to increasing incidence of immunodeficiency conditions and intercontinental travel, they are now more frequently encountered. Viral infections of the CNS cause nonspecific lesions due to immune-mediated reactions or more specific encephalitides. In AIDS, infection by the human immunodeficiency virus causes a unique encephalitis and immunodeficiency with a wide range of secondary opportunistic infections.

scholarly journals Maternal spontaneous abortion and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a population-based cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1211-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Maohua Miao ◽  
Yongfu Yu ◽  
Honglei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Spontaneous Abortion ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Maternal History ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is a maternal history of spontaneous abortion (SA) associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring? SUMMARY ANSWER Our results suggest an association between maternal history of SA and ADHD in offspring, with the risk increasing with the number of maternal SA and highest in the firstborn children whose mothers had had recurrent SAs after adjusting for a number of potential confounders. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A history of SA has been associated with more complications in next pregnancies and adverse childbirth outcomes, which are risk factors for ADHD in the offspring. However, no previous study has investigated whether maternal SA increases risk of ADHD in the offspring. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This population-based study included all live-born children in Denmark from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2012 (n = 1 062 667). All children were followed from 3 years of age until the day of ADHD diagnosis, death, emigration or 31 December 2016, whichever came first. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS There were 130 206 (12.2%) children born to mothers who had at least one SA. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During a median follow-up of 9.4 years (interquartile range, 5.4–14.3), 25 747 children were diagnosed with ADHD. Overall, children of mothers with a history of SA had an increased rate of ADHD (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.15). The HRs increased with the number of maternal SA, 1.09 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.13) for one SA and 1.22 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.33) for at least two SAs, respectively. These findings were consistent when we took into consideration a number of factors, such as maternal socioeconomic status, type of SA, birth order, parental history of psychiatric disorders, pregnancy characteristics and adverse birth outcomes. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Misclassification of SA was possible as we used population-based register data to capture maternal history of SA. However, any misclassification of maternal history of SA would be non-differential with regard to the diagnosis of ADHD in offspring, which generally leads to underestimation of the associations. Furthermore, probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested that only 1% of change in the estimate may have been due to misclassification of SA. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS SA is quite frequent (varying from 15 to 20%), and a small increase of neurodevelopmental problems in offspring could have major public health implications. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81703237, No. 81530086 and No. 81761128035), National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFC1002801, 2016YFC1000505), Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (No. 2017ZZ02026, No. 2017EKHWYX-02), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0052029), the Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-6110-00019), the Nordic Cancer Union (176673, 186200 and R217-A13234-18-S65), Karen Elise Jensens Fond (2016) and Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (2018YJRC03). All authors report no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA.

Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Cause of Renal Dysplasia?

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Chan ◽  
Jonathan L. Hecht ◽  
Theonia Boyd ◽  
Seymour Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Renal Dysplasia ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Multicystic Dysplasia

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most frequently encountered viral infections of the fetus and induces a wide range of histologic and clinical manifestations. Congenital abnormalities are typically restricted to the central nervous system despite evidence of CMV inclusions occurring in most epithelial cells. Although tissue injury and even glomerulonephritis have been observed in congenital CMV infections, renal multicystic dysplasia has not been reported. Herein, we describe a case of unilateral renal dysplasia in a 19-week fetus with concurrent CMV infection. We believe the present case to be the first description of a virus apparently inducing renal multicystic dysplasia.

scholarly journals Brainstem Tuberculoma in Pregnancy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana A. Muin ◽  
Katrin Wagner ◽  
Rosemarie Burian ◽  
Naghmeh Ghaem Maghami ◽  
Olav Lapaire
Keyword(s):  
Second Trimester ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brainstem Lesion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Neurological Improvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Somali Refugee ◽  
Left Eyelid

We report a case of a Somali refugee who presented in the second trimester of her first pregnancy with a four-week history of gradual right-sided sensomotoric hemisyndrome including facial palsy and left-sided paresis of the oculomotorius nerve causing drooping of the left eyelid and double vision. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solitary brainstem lesion. Upon detection of hilar lymphadenopathy on chest X-ray (CXR), the diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis with involvement of the central nervous system was confirmed by PCR and treatment induced with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. The patient had a steady neurological improvement and a favorable pregnancy outcome.

scholarly journals Determinants of new onset cardiometabolic risk among normal weight children

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-789
Author(s):  
Andraea Van Hulst ◽  
Marina Ybarra ◽  
Marie-Eve Mathieu ◽  
Andrea Benedetti ◽  
Gilles Paradis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
New Onset

Abstract Objective To identify determinants for the development of “normal weight metabolically unhealthy” (NWMU) profiles among previously metabolically healthy normal weight children. Methods The QUALITY cohort comprises youth 8–10 years of age with a parental history of obesity (n = 630). Of these, normal weight children with no metabolic risk factors were identified and followed up 2 years later (n = 193). Children were classified as NWMU if they remained normal weight but developed at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. They were classified as normal weight metabolically healthy otherwise. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify whether adiposity (anthropometrics and DXA), lifestyle habits (physical activity, screen time, vegetables, and fruit- and sugar-sweetened beverages intake), fitness, and family history of cardiometabolic disease were associated with new onset NWMU. Results Of the 193 normal weight and metabolically healthy children at baseline, 45 (23%) became NWMU 2 years later (i.e., 48% had elevated HDL cholesterol, 13% had elevated triglycerides, and 4% had impaired fasting glucose). Changes in adiposity between baseline and follow-up were associated with an increased risk of NWMU for all adiposity measures examined (e.g., for ∆zBMI OR = 3.95; 95% CI: 1.76, 8.83). Similarly, a 2-year change in screen time was associated with incident NWMU status (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.04, 1.49). Conclusions Children who increase their adiposity levels as they enter puberty, despite remaining normal weight, are at risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors. Studies examining long-term consequences of NWMU profiles in pediatrics are needed to determine whether changes in screening practice are warranted.

The Consequences of Providing Lower-Quality Audits at the Engagement Partner Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuchun Chi ◽  
Ling Lei Lisic ◽  
Linda A. Myers ◽  
Mikhail Pevzner ◽  
Timothy A. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Partner Selection ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Service Experience ◽  
Audit Firm ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data

ABSTRACT Using data from Taiwan, where a long history of engagement partner performance is available, we examine the reputational consequences that engagement partners suffer for having a recent history of past audit failures. We find that when an engagement partner's recent history of poor audit quality is observable to audit clients, they are more likely to lose clients and are less likely to be reassigned to serve other clients of the audit firm over the next five years. We also find that these engagement partners are more likely to stop serving as engagement partners in the next five years, and those who remain in client service experience a reallocation of assignments. Additionally, the clients that these partners continue to serve exhibit increased risk. Overall, our findings suggest that an engagement partner's prior audit quality influences clients' and audit firms' engagement partner selection.

Origins and Implications of the Apollo 16 Breccia Noble Gas Suite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Nottingham ◽  
Natalie M. Curran ◽  
John Pernet-Fisher ◽  
Ray Burgess ◽  
Katherine H. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sector Mass Spectrometer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Solar Wind Composition

<p>The Apollo 16 landing site is dominated by regolith breccias; consolidated regolith palaeo-soils [5,7,8]. Each regolith soil (and, by extension, each regolith breccia) is composed of fragments of rock sourced from different impacts and lithological units [e.g. 2,3]. Because of this, these samples probe the impact history of the lunar surface across a wide range of time. McKay et al. (1986) reported the trapped argon isotope ratios (i.e., <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar<sub>Tr</sub>) values of regolith breccias and used these values to semi-quantitatively model breccia formation ages [see also 4]. Two groups of regolith breccias were identified at the Apollo 16 landing site: (i) the ‘ancient’ group, lithified immature regolith (i.e., <30 I<sub>s</sub>/FeO), and (ii) a ‘younger’ group that generally have higher levels of maturity. Joy et al. (2011) used the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar<sub>Tr</sub> ratios to model that: (i) the ancient samples closed from soils to breccias between ~3.8 and 3.4 Ga, consistent with regolith developed and consolidated after the Imbrium basin-forming event, and during a time of declining basin-forming impacts, and (ii) that the young breccias were assembled in the Eratosthenian period between ~2.5 and 1.7 Ga, providing insight into post-basin bombardment impact processes.</p><p>A third set of regolith breccias identified by Jerde et al. (1987, 1990), (the soil-like breccias), have no reported noble gas or exposure age information. Joy et al. (2011) inferred that these samples were likely consolidated into breccias in the last 2 Ga (based on their I<sub>s</sub>/FeO maturity being similar to the Apollo 16 soils). They, therefore, may extend the current archive of impact and regolith processes into the Eratosthenian and Copernican periods.</p><p>Whole-rock samples were laser step heated and the extracted gases were measured using a Thermo Scientific Helix-MC noble gas magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Preliminary analysis of our data shows these breccias are dominated by a solar wind composition component, with minor spallation and radiogenic contributions. The concentrations of evolved gases suggest the samples are more similar in terms of noble gas budget to the present day Apollo 16 soil samples (based on analysis using data collated by Curran et al. 2020), than the ancient gas-poor Apollo 16 regolith breccias (McKay et al. 1986). Thus, these noble gas data are consistent with the petrological characterisation and Is/FeO classification [5,6] of these breccias being comparable to present day Apollo 16 soil samples. Solar wind composition gas concentrations comparable to present day soil samples suggest these new breccias represent consolidated regolith of comparable maturity, perhaps suggesting these soil-like breccias were formed around the same time period as the ‘younger’ group.</p><p>References: [1] Curran, N.M., et al., 2020, PSS, 182, 104823. [2] Donohue, P.H., et al., 2013, 44<sup>th</sup> LPSC, A#2897.; [3] Fagan, A.L., et al., 2013, GCA, 106, 429-445.; [4] Fagan, A.L., et al., 2014, Earth Moon Planets, 112, 59–71.; [5] Jerde, E.A., et al., 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 92(B4), E526– E536.; [6] Jerde, E.A., et al., 1990, EPSL, 98(1), 90-108.; [7] Joy, K.H., et al., 2011, GCA, 75(22), 7208-7225.; [8] McKay, D.S., et al., (1986), J. Geophys. Res., 91(B4), 277– 303.</p>

Birth Defects in Twins: Study in a Spanish Population

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Ramos-Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe risk for specific defects among twins compared to singletons was studied using data collected by the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC). A total of 136 twins had a major and/or minor congenital defect. The overall rate of congenital defects in twins (2.37%) did not deviate significantly from the rate in singletons (2.21%). Like-sex (LS) and male-male (MM) twin pairs had a slightly higher rate of birth defects than unlike-sex (US) and female-female (FF) pairs, respectively. Defects of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and genitourinary system were significantly more frequent in LS twins than in singletons, with relative risks of 2.8, 2.5 and 1.6, respectively. No significantly increased risk was found among US twins. Among defects of the central nervous system, the rates of anencephaly, encephalocele and hydrocephaly were significantly higher in total and LS twins; however, no significantly increased risk for spina bifida was observed when compared to singletons. MM twins were also 1.9 times more likely to have hypospadias, but the risk among males of male-female (FM) pairs was decreased.

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