scholarly journals Is academic psychiatry for sale?

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (5) ◽  
pp. 388-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Healy ◽  
Michael E. Thase
Keyword(s):  
Academic Psychiatry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Service ◽  
University Of Pittsburgh ◽  
The North ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The influence of the pharmaceutical industry on academic medicine is pervasive. Almost 90% of authors published in the Journal of the American Medical Associatio. have received research funding from, or acted as a consultant for, a drug company. Rising to this challenge, editors of medical journals have agreed strict rules on reporting sponsorship and conflicts of interest. Academic psychiatry is not exempt from the influence of industry. The relationship between drug companies and academic psychiatry is currently very close. But is this a problem? On the one hand, links with the pharmaceutical industry may be considered to compromise the independence of researchers and possibly discredit their published work. On the other hand the relationship may be seen as productive and mutually beneficial – particularly in an era of limited funds for research. These issues are discussed in this month's debate by Dr David Healy, Director of the North Wales Psychiatric Service, who is a well-known commentator on the pharmaceutical industry, and Dr Michael Thase, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the author of a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of venlafaxine published in this Journal in 2001.

Psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-208
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
Psychiatric Profession ◽  
The Relationship

Conflicts of interest pervade the relationship between the psychiatric profession and pharmaceutical industry, threatening ethical standards of psychiatric care. They influence the quality and cost of treatment, the objectivity of research and educational activities, and the integrity of individual psychiatrists, as well as the profession in general. Various groups, apart from drug companies, bear responsibility for the prevalence of conflicts of interest, including individual practitioners and researchers, medical academe, professional organizations both within and external to psychiatry, and branches of the government. Reforming practices and policies that encourage such conflicts can only be contained by efforts aimed at educating the profession and public as to the relevant issues, as well as enlisting governmental action, in order to hold industry and the profession more accountable for potentially unethical collaborative activities.

scholarly journals A hidden web of policy influence: The pharmaceutical industry’s engagement with UK’s All-Party Parliamentary Groups

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252551
Author(s):  
Emily Rickard ◽  
Piotr Ozieranski
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Total Drug ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Policy Influence ◽  
Patient Organisations ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Industry Needs

Our objective was to examine conflicts of interest between the UK’s health-focused All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) and the pharmaceutical industry between 2012 and 2018. APPGs are informal cross-party groups revolving around a particular topic run by and for Members of the UK’s Houses of Commons and Lords. They facilitate engagement between parliamentarians and external organisations, disseminate knowledge, and generate debate through meetings, publications, and events. We identified APPGs focusing on physical or mental health, wellbeing, health care, or treatment and extracted details of their payments from external donors disclosed on the Register for All-Party Parliamentary Groups. We identified all donors which were pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical industry-funded patient organisations. We established that sixteen of 146 (11%) health-related APPGs had conflicts of interest indicated by reporting payments from thirty-five pharmaceutical companies worth £1,211,345.81 (16.6% of the £7,283,414.90 received by all health-related APPGs). Two APPGs (Health and Cancer) received more than half of the total value provided by drug companies. Fifty APPGs also had received payments from patient organisations with conflicts of interest, indicated by reporting 304 payments worth £986,054.94 from 57 (of 84) patient organisations which had received £27,883,556.3 from pharmaceutical companies across the same period. In total, drug companies and drug industry-funded patient organisations provided a combined total of £2,197,400.75 (30.2% of all funding received by health-related APPGs) and 468 (of 1,177–39.7%) payments to 58 (of 146–39.7%) health-related APPGs, with the APPG for Cancer receiving the most funding. In conclusion, we found evidence of conflicts of interests through APPGs receiving substantial income from pharmaceutical companies. Policy influence exerted by the pharmaceutical industry needs to be examined holistically, with an emphasis on relationships between actors potentially playing part in its lobbying campaigns. We also suggest ways of improving transparency of payment reporting by APPGs and pharmaceutical companies.

scholarly journals Well-Being and Romantic Relationships: A Systematic Review in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Gómez-López ◽  
Carmen Viejo ◽  
Rosario Ortega-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Adolescence and emerging adulthood are both stages in which romantic relationships play a key role in development and can be a source of both well-being and negative outcomes. However, the limited number of studies prior to adulthood, along with the multiplicity of variables involved in the romantic context and the considerable ambiguity surrounding the construct of well-being, make it difficult to reach conclusions about the relationship between the two phenomena. This systematic review synthesizes the results produced into this topic over the last three decades. A total of 112 studies were included, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. On the one hand, these works revealed the terminological heterogeneity in research on well-being and the way the absence of symptoms of illness are commonly used to measure it, while on the other hand, they also showed that romantic relationships can be an important source of well-being for both adolescents and emerging adults. The findings underline the importance of providing a better definition of well-being, as well as to attribute greater value to the significance of romantic relationships. Devoting greater empirical, educational, and community efforts to romantic development in the stages leading up to adulthood are considered necessary actions in promoting the well-being of young people.

scholarly journals Interactions between natural selection and recombination shape the genomic landscape of introgression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Duranton ◽  
John Pool
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
The North ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Genomic Patterns

AbstractHybridization between lineages that have not reached complete reproductive isolation appears more and more like a common phenomenon. Indeed, speciation genomics studies have now extensively shown that many species’ genomes have hybrid ancestry. However, genomic patterns of introgression are often heterogeneous across the genome. In many organisms, a positive correlation between introgression levels and recombination rate has been observed. It is usually explained by the purging of deleterious introgressed material due to incompatibilities. However, the opposite relationship was observed in a North American population of Drosophila melanogaster with admixed European and African ancestry. In order to explore how directional and epistatic selection can impact the relationship between introgression and recombination, we performed forward simulations of whole D. melanogaster genomes reflecting the North American population’s history. Our results revealed that the simplest models of positive selection often yield negative correlations between introgression and recombination such as the one observed in D. melanogaster. We also confirmed that incompatibilities tend to produce positive introgression-recombination correlations. And yet, we identify parameter space under each model where the predicted correlation is reversed. These findings deepen our understanding of the evolutionary forces that may shape patterns of ancestry across genomes, and they strengthen the foundation for future studies aimed at estimating genome-wide parameters of selection in admixed populations.

Variations in Employee Performance in Response to Organizational Justice: The Sensitizing Effect of Socioeconomic Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 2375-2404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjo-Riitta Diehl ◽  
Ansgar Richter ◽  
Abiola Sarnecki
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Counterproductive Work Behaviors ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
The One ◽  
Sensitizing Effect ◽  
The Relationship

According to uncertainty management theory (UMT), organizational justice helps individuals to cope with uncertainty. Employees will thus respond stronger to organizational justice when uncertainty is high. We contribute to UMT by highlighting poor socioeconomic conditions, specifically, weak rule of law, low human development, and high income inequality, as salient sources of uncertainty. We argue that when these conditions are unfavorable, the effects of organizational justice on employee reactions will be stronger than when they are more favorable. We test our arguments using a meta-analysis of 279 studies involving 315 samples from 31 countries. Our findings suggest that poor socioeconomic conditions raise the strength of the relationship between organizational justice on the one hand and task performance and organizational citizenship behavior on the other but not the relationship between organizational justice and counterproductive work behaviors. Our study responds to recent calls to place greater emphasis on contextual factors and to close the macro–micro gap in the literature on organizational justice.

Das Nord-Süd-Verhältnis zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre: Neue Strukturen eines alten Konflikts?

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
Hans Diefanbacher ◽  
Ulrich Ratsch
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Lost Decade ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
East West

AbstractThe paper of Hans Diejenbacher and Ulrich Ratschstrats from the thesis that although the eighties have been a lost decade for the developing countries, the structures of the conflict between the North and the South have changed drastically. Those changes are exemplified by six different problern areas: the danger of an irreversible global climate change, the deterioration of the terms of trade for the developing countries, the impoverishment of the least development countries, the relationship between foreign debts and inflation, the crisis of development policy, and the effects of the changing east-west-conflict. The description of those conflict areas Ieads to the question how it could be possible to overcome the discrepancy between the knowledge about these problems on the one hand and the willingness to initiate political change on the other band.

scholarly journals Leukocyte telomere length and hippocampus volume: a meta-analysis

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Kristoffer N. T. Månsson ◽  
Torbjörn Åkerstedt ◽  
Mats Lekander
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Telomerase Activity ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Leukocyte Telomere Length ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hippocampus Volume

Leukocyte telomere length has been shown to correlate to hippocampus volume, but effect estimates differ in magnitude and are not uniformly positive. This study aimed primarily to investigate the relationship between leukocyte telomere length and hippocampus gray matter volume by meta-analysis and secondarily to investigate possible effect moderators. Five studies were included with a total of 2107 participants, of which 1960 were contributed by one single influential study. A random-effects meta-analysis estimated the effect to r = 0.12 [95% CI -0.13, 0.37] in the presence of heterogeneity and a subjectively estimated moderate to high risk of bias. There was no evidence that apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype was an effect moderator, nor that the ratio of leukocyte telomerase activity to telomere length was a better predictor than leukocyte telomere length for hippocampus volume. This meta-analysis, while not proving a positive relationship, also is not able to disprove the earlier finding of a positive correlation in the one large study included in analyses. We propose that a relationship between leukocyte telomere length and hippocamus volume may be mediated by transmigrating monocytes which differentiate into microglia in the brain parenchyma.

Relationship between drug company funding and outcomes of clinical psychiatric research

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1647-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT E. KELLY ◽  
LISA J. COHEN ◽  
RANDYE J. SEMPLE ◽  
PHILIP BIALER ◽  
ADAM LAU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
Drug Manufacturer ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Industry Funding ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Pharmaceutical industry funding of psychiatric research has increased significantly in recent decades, raising the question of a relationship between pharmaceutical company funding of clinical psychiatric studies and the outcomes of those studies. This study examines this relationship.Method. Abstracts of articles from 1992 and 2002 in four peer-reviewed psychiatric journals were examined. Drug outcomes (n=542) for clinical studies were evaluated and then compared across sponsorship source. Outcome raters were blind to source of sponsorship. The percentage of these studies sponsored by drug companies in 2002 v. 1992 was also compared. In a secondary analysis, the contribution of a series of potentially mediating variables to the relationship between sponsorship source and study outcome was assessed via logistic regression.Results. The percentage of studies sponsored by drug companies increased from 25% in 1992 to 57% in 2002. Favorable outcomes were significantly more common in studies sponsored by the drug manufacturer (78%) than in studies without industry sponsorship (48%) or sponsored by a competitor (28%). These relationships remained after controlling for the effects of journal, year, drug studied, time since FDA drug approval, diagnosis, sample size, and selected study design variables.Conclusions. These data indicate an association between pharmaceutical industry funding of clinical studies and positive outcomes of those studies. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this relationship.

Awakening the Serpent King: Ritual and Textual Ontologies in Garhwal, Uttarakhand

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-121
Author(s):  
Aftab S Jassal
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
High Caste ◽  
Textual Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Textual Authority ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian State ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In the north Indian state of Uttarakhand, the god Nagaraja, associated with the pan--Indian god Krishna, is an extremely popular deity. However, there exist key disjunctures in how Nagaraja is known, experienced and worshiped in the north Indian state of Uttarakhand by jāgar performers—low--caste ritual specialists, storytellers, and musicians—on the one hand, and high--caste temple priests, on the other. Temple priests were generally dismissive of the practices of the jāgar performers, often re--directing my interest in regional narratives of Nagaraja to the Sanskrit--language Bhagavadgita and Bhagavata Purana (the Gita--Bhagavat), which they saw as authoritative and ‘original' sources of oral and vernacular traditions. This interpretation, however, was highly contested by jāgar performers who articulated a non--essentialist, ritually efficacious, rhetorical, oral and vernacular ‘textual ontology.' Jāgar performers not only critiqued Brahminical notions of textual purity and essentialism but also assumptions within the academic study of Hinduism about the relationship between vernacular religious practices and textual Hinduism, or the so--called Great and Little traditions of Hinduism. By ‘textual ontology,' I describe how different relations to textual authority and knowledge in turn reveal distinctive ways of creating, knowing, and interacting with deities and the world. In challenging priestly and western scholarly notions of text, this article offers a radically different view of textual production, transmission, and authority.

Protection of Cetaceans in European Waters—A Case Study on Bottom-Set Gillnet Fisheries within Marine Protected Areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Krivickaite ◽  
Ursula Siebert ◽  
Helena Herr ◽  
Alexander Proelss ◽  
Anita Gilles
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The North ◽  
Fisheries Policy ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article explores the legal regime of the protection of marine species and habitats within European waters by taking the protection of harbour porpoises in the German territorial sea and exclusive economic zone as an example. The analysis is based on a scientific assessment of the occurrence of and the anthropogenic impacts on harbour porpoises in the North Sea. The relationship between the protection of marine species within the European Union (EU) on the one hand and the Common Fisheries Policy of the EU on the other constitutes a classic example of a user-environment conflict. The article explores how such conflicts ought to be solved under the pertinent legal rules.

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