scholarly journals Vulnerability factors for common mental illnesses

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S40) ◽  
pp. s69-s71 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Working Class Women ◽  
Severe Life Events

BackgroundTwin studies suggest that shared early family environment is of only minor importance in the aetiology of depression, most of the variance being attributable either to genetic or to individual ‘non-shared’ environmental factors.AimsTo examine the respective roles of personality and social experiences on the risk for common mental disorders, with special reference to depression.MethodAnalysis of preliminary findings from two large-scale British population surveys: (a) a multi-centre study of general practice patients, and (b) a study of working-class women in Manchester.Results(a) Persons recently separated from their partners have raised mean scores for psychological distress, but the relative excess is due entirely to persons with high ratings for introversion; (b) while severe life events were associated with physiological responses characteristic of depression, the probability of experiencing such life events varied between 0.2 monthly for low scorers and 1.5 monthly for high scorers on a vulnerability measure.ConclusionsSocial factors do appear to influence the prevalence of depression, but this effect is not independent of genetically determined vulnerability.

scholarly journals Racism, racial life events and mental ill health

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Bhugra ◽  
Oyedeji Ayonrinde
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Positive Life Events ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact

The association of life events with the onset of various psychiatric disorders is well-known. The body of evidence has highlighted the impact of negative or positive life events on the genesis of common mental disorders, especially depression. These findings have been replicated across different cultures, although the impact of different life events varies between cultures. In addition, the roles of chronic difficulties (defined in Life events and psychiatric disorders, below) and resulting ongoing chronic stress have been shown to contribute to vulnerability to certain mental illnesses. However, data on the impact of life events, especially those perceived as racial, on members of minority ethnic groups are rather sparse. The questions that need to be addressed concern the perception of life events as racial, the role of pervasive and perceived institutional and individual racism, and chronic difficulties.

The validity of diagnostic systems for common mental disorders: a comparison between the ID-CATEGO and the DSM-III systems

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Grayson ◽  
Keith Bridges ◽  
Diane Cook ◽  
David Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Initial Scale

SYNOPSISIt is argued that latent trait analysis provides a way of examining the construct validity of diagnostic concepts which are used to categorize common mental illnesses. The present study adds two additional aspects of validity using multiple discriminant analysis applied to two widely used taxonomic systems. Scales of anxiety and depression derived from previous latent trait analyses are applied to individuals reaching criteria for ‘caseness’ on the ID-CATEGO system and the DSM-III system, both at initial diagnosis and six months later. The first multiple discriminant analysis is carried out on the initial scale scores, and the results are interpreted in terms of concurrent validity. The second analysis uses improvement scores on the two scales and relates to predictive validity. It is argued that the ID-CATEGO system provides a better classification for common mental illnesses than the DSM-III system, since it allows a better discrimination to be made between anxiety and depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Perinatal mental health around the world: priorities for research and service development in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mwawi Ng'oma ◽  
Tesera Bitew ◽  
Malinda Kaiyo-Utete ◽  
Charlotte Hanlon ◽  
Simone Honikman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Right

Africa is a diverse and changing continent with a rapidly growing population, and the mental health of mothers is a key health priority. Recent studies have shown that: perinatal common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) are at least as prevalent in Africa as in high-income and other low- and middle-income regions; key risk factors include intimate partner violence, food insecurity and physical illness; and poor maternal mental health is associated with impairment of infant health and development. Psychological interventions can be integrated into routine maternal and child healthcare in the African context, although the optimal model and intensity of intervention remain unclear and are likely to vary across settings. Future priorities include: extension of research to include neglected psychiatric conditions; large-scale mixed-method studies of the causes and consequences of perinatal common mental disorders; scaling up of locally appropriate evidence-based interventions, including prevention; and advocacy for the right of all women in Africa to safe holistic maternity care.

The Prognosis of Depression in Old Age

1983 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Physical Health Problems ◽  
The Face ◽  
One Year ◽  
Severe Life Events

SummaryThe paper describes a one year prospective study of 124 elderly depressed patients. Only one third of the group had a good outcome. Poor outcome was associated with severity of initial illness, those with depressive delusions having a particularly poor outcome. Outcome was also influenced by physical health problems and severe life events in the follow-up year. Social class differences in outcome were thought to be due to class differences in the experience of severe life events. There was no evidence that an intimate relationship protected against relapse in the face of continuing life stress.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental determinants of children's food preferences

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (S1) ◽  
pp. S15-S21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Wardle ◽  
Lucy Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sweet Foods ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Taste Exposure ◽  
Specific Food

Omnivores have the advantage of a variety of food options but face a challenge in identifying foods that are safe to eat. Not surprisingly, therefore, children show a relative aversion to new foods (neophobia) and a relative preference for familiar, bland, sweet foods. While this may in the past have promoted survival, in the modern food environment it could have an adverse effect on dietary quality. This review examines the evidence for genetic and environmental factors underlying individual differences in children's food preferences and neophobia. Twin studies indicate that neophobia is a strongly heritable characteristic, while specific food preferences show some genetic influence and are also influenced by the family environment. The advantage of the malleability of human food preferences is that dislike of a food can be reduced or even reversed by a combination of modelling and taste exposure. The need for effective guidance for parents who may be seeking to improve the range or nutritional value of foods accepted by their children is highlighted.

scholarly journals Undergraduate Education in Psychiatry in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Roy Abraham Kallivayalil ◽  
Arun Enara
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Treatment Gap ◽  
The World ◽  
Education In India

AbstractMedical education curricula, from around the world, have often neglected psychiatry as a subject of importance in undergraduate medical training.In India, the scenario has not been different from the rest of the world. The National Mental Health Survey done in India, recently, estimates a treatment gap of around 80–85% for various mental illnesses. This provides a strong case to strengthen the undergraduate psychiatry curricula since it would help tackle the treatment gap of common mental disorders in the community.Further, a strong educational foundation with meaningful inclusion of mental health and well-being, will also make the trainee aware of their own mental well-being and better help seeking behaviour in the medical student. In this article, we look to review the evolution of undergraduate medical education in India.

scholarly journals Rates of preterm birth following antenatal maternal exposure to severe life events: a population-based cohort study

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Khashan ◽  
R. McNamee ◽  
K.M. Abel ◽  
P.B. Mortensen ◽  
L.C. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Severe Life Events

scholarly journals Twin studies for the investigation of the relationships between genetic factors and brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Squarcina ◽  
C. Fagnani ◽  
M. Bellani ◽  
C. A. Altamura ◽  
P. Brambilla
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
The Relationship

The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) is to date not entirely clear. Classical genetic research showed that there is a contribution of genetic factors in BD, with high heritability. Twin studies, thanks to the fact that confounding factors as genetic background or family environment are shared, allow etiological inferences. In this work, we selected twin studies, which focus on the relationship between BD, genetic factors and brain structure, evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. All the studies found differences in brain structure between BD patients and their co-twins, and also in respect to healthy controls. Genetic effects are predominant in white matter, except corpus callosum, while gray matter resulted more influenced by environment, or by the disease itself. All studies found no interactions between BD and shared environment between twins. Twin studies have been demonstrated to be useful in exploring BD pathogenesis and could be extremely effective at discriminating the neural mechanisms underlying BD.

scholarly journals Longitudinal assessment of an anti-stigma campaign related to common mental disorders in rural India

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallab K. Maulik ◽  
Siddhardha Devarapalli ◽  
Sudha Kallakuri ◽  
Anadya Prakash Tripathi ◽  
Mirja Koschorke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Services Delivery

BackgroundStigma related to mental health and lack of trained mental health professionals is a major cause for an increased treatment gap, particularly in rural India. The Systematic Medical Appraisal, Referral and Treatment (SMART) Mental Health project delivered a complex intervention involving task sharing, an anti-stigma campaign and use of technology-based, decision-support tools to empower primary care workers to identify and manage depression, anxiety, stress and suicide risk.AimsThe aim of this article is to report changes in stigma perceptions over three time points in the rural communities where the anti-stigma campaign was conducted.MethodA multimedia-based anti-stigma campaign was conducted over a 3-month period in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Following that, the primary care-based mental health service was delivered for 1 year. The anti-stigma campaign was evaluated in two villages and data were captured at three time points over a 24-month period (N = 1417): before and after delivery of the campaign and after completion of the health services delivery intervention. Standardised tools captured data on knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards mental health as well as perceptions related to help seeking for mental illnesses.ResultsMost knowledge, attitude and behaviour scores improved over the three time points. Overall mean scores on stigma perceptions related to help seeking improved by −0.375 (minimum/maximum of −2.7/2.4, s.d. 0.519, P < 0.001) during this time. Loss to follow-up was 10%.ConclusionsThe data highlight the positive effects of an anti-stigma campaign over a 2-year period.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals T233. CULTURAL CONSENSUS AND HIGH EXPRESSED EMOTION IN RELATIVES OF PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AT THE MENTAL HEALTH INSTITUTE OF JALISCO, MEXICO

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S321-S322
Author(s):  
Ricardo Audiffred ◽  
Javier Eduardo García de Alba García
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Cultural Consensus ◽  
Health Institute ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mental Health Institute

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that affects almost 21 million people (WHO, 2017), in areas like: cognition, perception, language, behavior, and in its general functionality. Also generates complications in primary caregivers, whom in different studies have shown levels of emotional, physical and financial overload (De la higuera, 2005). This variables creates environments with High Expressed Emotionality (EE) in these families. EE is characterized by a series of relationships and communications in the family environment, loaded with negative assessments, criticism, control and over-involvement; such dynamics causes poor self-concept in individuals with psychosis, difficulty in adhering to treatment, negative emotional behaviors, symptomatic exacerbations and continuous relapses according to Rosenfarb, et al. (2000), Barrowclough, et al. (2003), and Sellwood, et al (2003). Methods This research had a Mixed method design, with an exploratory sequential strategy. The main objective of this study was to Identify the association between cultural consensus and expressed emotion in relatives of people with schizophrenia from the Mental Health Institute of Jalisco, México (SALME). The universe involved 40 relatives from 18 families of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, users of SALME. The sample was calculated based on Weller and Romney (1998) proporsal to obtain a level of proficiency higher than 50% for cognitive anthropology samples, with a confidence level of 95% and error of 5%. The EE was evaluated with the Seclén & Guanilo (1993) Familiar Expressed Emotionality Scale. The Cultural consensus was analized with Anthropac program for cultural domain analysis. Results 66% of the families had high expressed emotion (EE) and 45% of the sample were cataloged with a high EE. A significant difference was found among relatives who had high EE and lower knowledge about schizophrenia vs relatives who had greater scientific knowledge and lower EE (t= -9.15, p=.00 /U. Mann-Witney= 1.00, p=.00). There was no evidence of a significant association between high EE and sociodemographic variables such as: sex, education, type of family member, occupation or religion. There was only a significant association between high EE and relatives living with the patient (x2 = 4.82, p≤.05) versus those relatives who only participated in day care. Discussion The sample of relatives contemplated for this study was similar to the number of families that have been included in other studies, for example: Jeff & Kuipers, et al (1982) or Guidorizzi, et al (2012). However, this design and research purposes were innovative in this area since there wasn′t found any reference from another study that addresses the issue of cultural consensus in schizophrenia, nor its relationship with high EE in relatives of people with this disorder. Conclusion: The less scientific knowledge about schizophrenia, the more expressed emotionality is shown.The importance of psychoeducation is highlighted to promote scientific knowledge of mental illnesses in order to reduce high EE.

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