scholarly journals Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Geerlings ◽  
L. M. Bouter ◽  
R. A. Schoevers ◽  
A. T. F. Beekman ◽  
C. Jonker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Normal Cognition

BackgroundDepression may be associated with cognitive decline in elderly people with impaired cognition.AimsTo investigate whether depressed elderly people with normal cognition are at increased risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.MethodsTwo independent samples of older people with normal cognition were selected from the community-based Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL) and the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). In AMSTEL, depression was assessed by means of the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. Clinical diagnoses of incident Alzheimer's disease were made using a two-step procedure. In LASA, depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cognitive decline was defined as a drop of ⩾ 3 on the Mini-Mental State Examination at follow-up.ResultsBoth in the AMSTEL and the LASA sample, depression was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline, respectively, but only in subjects with higher levels of education.ConclusionsIn a subgroup of more highly educated elderly people, depression may be an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease before cognitive symptoms become apparent.

L-Methylfolate, Methylcobalamin, andN-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Cognitive Decline

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 2-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McCaddon ◽  
Peter R. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
World Population ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
B Vitamin

Almost 36 million people will have dementia in 2010—an alarming figure set to double every 20 years with the “greying” of the world population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia have enormous financial and social impacts on society. Prevention or illness delay of even a small percentage of cases would provide significant cost benefits for health-care systems. This review considers the rationale for a combined B-vitamin and antioxidant supplement (Cerefolin NAC) in treating and slowing AD-related cognitive decline.Vitamin B12and folate deficiencies are associated with various cognitive disorders, including dementia. In the 1980s, plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) assays were introduced to assist in diagnosing these deficiencies. Hey is derived from dietary methionine. Cells re-methylate Hey to methionine using B12-dependent methionine synthase; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) acts as a methyl donor (Figure 1A). Alternatively, Hey is converted to cystathionine, and ultimately cysteine, by B6-dependent cystathionine β-synthase. Blood Hey levels rise in B6, B6, and folate deficiencies.Higher levels are also associated with aging, smoking, male gender, renal impairment, and drugs including methotrexate, metformin, and levodopa.Using tHcy as a marker, B vitamin deficiencies were found to be highly prevalent in the elderly. This led to speculation that elevated blood Hey, hyperhomocysteinemia, might occur commonly in dementias, including AD. Hyperhomocysteinemia implies impaired meth-ylation reactions (hypomethylation), with predictable adverse effects for neurotransmitter synthesis and AD neuropathology. Hey is also associated with vascular disease, itself a risk factor for dementia.Evidence for the “homocysteine hypothesis of dementia” came with reports of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with clinically and pathologically confirmed AD. Raised blood levels were also observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and vascular dementia. Although elevated Hey could be a consequence of, or coincidental with, dementia hyperhomocysteinemia, it is now recognised to be associated with an increased risk for both cognitive decline and incident dementia.

scholarly journals Subjective cognitive decline: The first clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease?

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalberto Studart Neto ◽  
Ricardo Nitrini
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACT Background: Mild cognitive impairment is considered as the first clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), when the individual exhibits below performance on standardized neuropsychological tests. However, some subjects before having a lower performance on cognitive assessments already have a subjective memory complaint. Objective: A review about subjective cognitive decline, the association with AD biomarkers and risk of conversion to dementia. Methods: We performed a comprehensive non-systematic review on PubMed. The keywords used in the search were terms related to subjective cognitive decline. Results: Subjective cognitive decline is characterized by self-experience of deterioration in cognitive performance not detected objectively through formal neuropsychological testing. However, various terms and definitions have been used in the literature and the lack of a widely accepted concept hampers comparison of studies. Epidemiological data have shown that individuals with subjective cognitive decline are at increased risk of progression to AD dementia. In addition, there is evidence that this group has a higher prevalence of positive biomarkers for amyloidosis and neurodegeneration. However, Alzheimer's disease is not the only cause of subjective cognitive decline and various other conditions can be associated with subjective memory complaints, such as psychiatric disorders or normal aging. The features suggestive of a neurodegenerative disorder are: onset of decline within the last five years, age at onset above 60 years, associated concerns about decline and confirmation by an informant. Conclusion: These findings support the idea that subjective cognitive complaints may be an early clinical marker that precedes mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.

scholarly journals When Cognitive Decline and Depression Coexist in the Elderly: CSF Biomarkers Analysis Can Differentiate Alzheimer's Disease from Late-Life Depression

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Liguori ◽  
Mariangela Pierantozzi ◽  
Agostino Chiaravalloti ◽  
Giulia M. Sancesario ◽  
Nicola B. Mercuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Late Life Depression

scholarly journals Genetic Variability in Molecular Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogrinc ◽  
Katja Goričar ◽  
Vita Dolžan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Gene Clustering ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Increased Risk

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, affecting a significant part of the population. The majority of AD cases occur in the elderly with a typical age of onset of the disease above 65 years. AD presents a major burden for the healthcare system and since population is rapidly aging, the burden of the disease will increase in the future. However, no effective drug treatment for a full-blown disease has been developed to date. The genetic background of AD is extensively studied; numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant genes associated with increased risk of AD development. This review summarizes more than 100 risk loci. Many of them may serve as biomarkers of AD progression, even in the preclinical stage of the disease. Furthermore, we used GWAS data to identify key pathways of AD pathogenesis: cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, transport, regulation of cellular processes, and neurological system processes. Gene clustering into molecular pathways can provide background for identification of novel molecular targets and may support the development of tailored and personalized treatment of AD.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dysphagia risk, nutritional status and caloric intake in elderly patients with Alzheimer's

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Fernanda Goes ◽  
Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes ◽  
Lilian Oliveira de Oliveira ◽  
Jaqueline Hack ◽  
Marcela Magro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the risk of dysphagia and its relationship with the stage of Alzheimer's Disease, as well as the relationship between the risk of dysphagia and nutritional status and caloric intake in elderly people with Alzheimer's disease.METHODS: the sample consisted of 30 subjects of both genders with probable Alzheimer's disease. The stage of the disease, nutritional status, energy intake, and risk of dysphagia were assessed.RESULTS: it was found that increased risk of dysphagia is associated with the advance in the stages of Alzheimer's disease and that even patients in the early stages of disease have a slight risk of developing dysphagia. No association was found between nutritional status and the risk of dysphagia. High levels of inadequate intake of micronutrients were also verified in the patients.CONCLUSION: an association between dysphagia and the development of Alzheimer's disease was found. The results indicate the need to monitor the presence of dysphagia and the micronutrient intake in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

scholarly journals Anxiety and Depression as Risk Factors in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: The HUNT Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hege Rasmussen ◽  
Tor Atle Rosness ◽  
Ole Bosnes ◽  
Øyvind Salvesen ◽  
Marlen Knutli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hunt Study ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Background: The roles of both anxiety and depression as risk factors for frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have not been previously investigated together. Objective: To study anxiety and depression as independent risk factors for FTD and AD. Methods: Eighty-four patients with FTD and 556 patients with AD were compared with 117 cognitively healthy (CH), elderly individuals. Both cases and controls were participants in the second Health Study of Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT2) from 1995 to 1997, in which depression and anxiety were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Significant associations were found between anxiety and FTD and between depression and AD. A significantly increased risk of developing FTD was observed in patients who had reported anxiety on the HADS (p = 0.017) (odds ratio [OR]: 2.947, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.209–7.158) and a significantly increased risk of developing AD was observed in patients who had reported depression on the HADS (p = 0.016) (OR: 4.389, 95% CI: 1.311–14.690). Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that anxiety and depression may play different roles as risk factors for FTD and AD.

scholarly journals Evidence for Reduced Autobiographical Memory Episodic Specificity in Cognitively Normal Middle-Aged and Older Individuals at Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1073-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Grilli ◽  
Aubrey A. Wank ◽  
John J. Bercel ◽  
Lee Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Autobiographical Memories ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Preclinical Ad ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender

AbstractObjectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) typically eludes clinical detection for years, if not decades. The identification of subtle cognitive decline associated with preclinical AD would not only advance understanding of the disease, but also provide clinical targets to assess preventative and early intervention treatments. Disrupted retrieval of detailed episodic autobiographical memories may be a sensitive indicator of subtle cognitive decline, because this type of memory taxes a core neural network affected by preclinical AD neuropathology. Methods: To begin to address this idea, we assessed the episodic specificity of autobiographical memories retrieved by cognitively normal middle-aged and older individuals who are carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele – a population at increased risk for subtle cognitive decline related to neuropathological risk factors for AD. We compared the ε4 carriers to non-carriers of ε4 similar in age, education, and gender. Results: The ε4 carriers did not perform worse than the non-carriers on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. In contrast, as a group, the ε4 carriers generated autobiographical memories that were reduced in “internal” or episodic details relative to non-carriers. Conclusions: These findings support the notion that reduced autobiographical episodic detail generation may be a marker of subtle cognitive decline associated with AD. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1073–1183)

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