scholarly journals Changes in suicide in England and Wales, 1960–1997

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. G. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Methods Of Suicide

BackgroundMethods of suicide and suicide rates in England and Wales have fluctuated considerably since the 1960s.AimsTo review the changes that have occurred in suicide rates in England and Wales between 1960 and 1997.MethodSuicide rates, derived from total annual suicides and the estimated annual resident population, were obtained from the Office for National Statistics.ResultsSuicide rates decreased in both genders between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s. The rate for males then increased between 1975 and 1990, while the rate for females continued to fall. Between 1990 and 1997, the rate decreased for males and females in all age groups, particularly for those using motor vehicle exhaust gas; the latter finding is associated with increasing use of catalytic converters.ConclusionsFollowing the increase in suicide among males until 1990 there was a decrease for both genders between 1990 and 1997, consistent with the ‘Health of the Nation’ target.

scholarly journals Suicide in children and adolescents in England and Wales 1970–1998

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. G. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Suicide Rates

BackgroundSuicide rates for England and Wales have been decreasing recently, but rates for young adult males remain high.AimsTo review changes in suicide rates for children and adolescents in England and Wales between 1970 and 1998.MethodRates for suicide, ‘accidental’ death by causes similar to suicide and ‘undetermined’ death for 10–14- and 15–19-year-olds are calculated between 1970 and 1998 using suicide data and estimated mid-year populations obtained from the Office for National Statistics.ResultsThere has been a substantial increase in suicide rate between the 1970s and the 1990s for males aged 15–19 years. This remains true even when ‘undetermined’ and ‘accidental’ death rates for causes similar to suicide are examined. The increase was associated with an increase in self-poisoning with vehicle exhaust gas in the 1980s and an increase in hanging which has continued into the 1990s. Although there was a slight decrease in the official suicide rate for females aged 15–19 years, ‘undetermined’ deaths increased. There is no indication of a major change in suicide rate in 10–14-year-olds.ConclusionsThe substantial increase in suicide rate in 15–19-year-old males may indicate increased psychosocial stress, particularly affecting this group.

Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (S1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Routley
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Exhaust Pipe ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Catalytic Converters ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Method Substitution ◽  
Methods Of Suicide

Abstract. In many motorized countries, inhalation of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust gas (MVEG) has been one of the leading methods of suicide. In some countries it remains so (e.g., Australia 16.0% of suicides in 2005). Relative to other methods it is a planned method and one often used by middle-aged males. The study provides a review of countermeasures aimed at restricting this method of suicide. The prevention measures identified were catalytic converters (introduced to reduce carbon monoxide for environmental reasons); in-cabin sensors; exhaust pipe modification; automatic idling stops; and helpline signage at suicide “hotspots.” Catalytic converters are now in 90% of new vehicles worldwide and literature supports them being associated with a reduction in exhaust-gassing suicides. There remain, however, accounts of exhaust-gas fatalities in modern vehicles, whether accidentally or by suicide. These deaths and also crashes from fatigue could potentially be prevented by in-cabin multi-gas sensors, these having been developed to the prototype stage. Helpline signage at an exhaust-gassing suicide “hotspot” had some success in reducing suicides. The evidence on method substitution and whether a reduction in MVEG suicides causes a reduction in total suicides is inconsistent.

Suicide in Children and Adolescents in England and Wales 1960–1990

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. G. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Suicide Rates

BackgroundFollowing reports of recent increases in adult male suicides in England and Wales, suicide rates for children and adolescents are reviewed.MethodBy using estimated mid-year populations for five-year age bands, the suicide rates for 10–14 year-olds and 15–19 year-olds are calculated between 1960–1990. The same method is used to obtain rates for ‘undetermined’ death and ‘accidental’ death by causes comparable to suicide.ResultsThe only group to show an increase in suicide rate since the 1970s has been males aged 15–19 years. This increase persists even when ‘undetermined’ and ‘accidental’ death rates for causes similar to suicide are examined. The increase is associated with an increase in hanging and self-poisoning with vehicle exhaust gas.ConclusionsThe increase in suicide rate in 15–19 year-old males may indicate increased psychosocial stress, particularly affecting this age/gender group.

The Effect of Catalytic Converter Legislation on Suicide Rates in Grampian and Scotland 1980–2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Skilling ◽  
PD Sclare ◽  
SJ Watt ◽  
S Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Gas Inhalation ◽  
Method Substitution

Objective To examine the effect of catalytic converter legislation on suicide rates in Grampian and Scotland since its implementation in 1993. Methods 1. Population study in Grampian and Scotland using national population and mortality statistics for 1980 to 2003. 2. Retrospective, controlled cohort study of individuals who had unsuccessfully attempted suicide by motor vehicle exhaust gassing to examine the theory of method substitution. Results There was a significant fall in suicides by motor vehicle exhaust gas inhalation in Scotland and Grampian following the introduction of compulsory catalytic converter legislation. However, in the same time period, there was a significant increase in numbers of suicides by hanging and total suicide rates in Scotland. There was a non-significant trend in a small sample of patients from a local hyperbaric unit for an increased rate of subsequent completed suicide between those who had previously attempted suicide by motor vehicle exhaust gas inhalation and controls. Conclusions Catalytic converter legislation has resulted in a decrease in the number of suicides by motor vehicle exhaust gas inhalation. Overall suicide rates have not decreased. There is evidence to suggest that those who would have previously committed suicide by motor vehicle exhaust gas inhalation find alternative methods of suicide, so called ‘method substitution’. Initiatives to reduce suicide rates should be directed at those means that are used by impulsive suicide attempters, as other, determined individuals, will commit suicide by another method.

Methods of Youth Suicide in New Zealand: Trends and Implications for Prevention

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette L. Beautrais
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young People ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Methods Of Suicide

Objective: One commonly suggested approach to reducing suicide is to restrict access to potentially lethal means of suicide. This paper summarises recent trends in methods of suicide among young people in New Zealand and examines the feasibility of suicide prevention through restricting access to methods of suicide. Method: Data derived from official mortality statistics were used to examine trends, from 1977 to 1996, in methods of suicide among young people aged 15–24 years. Results: During the last two decades, male youth suicide rates in New Zealand doubled, from 20.3 per 100 000 in 1977 to 39.5 per 100 000 in 1996. This increase was accounted for, almost entirely, by increased use of hanging (71% of total increase) and vehicle exhaust gas (26% of total increase). Suicide rates among young females also increased, from 4 per 100 000 in 1977 to 14.3 per 100 000 in 1996. As for males, the increased female suicide rate was largely accounted for by increased rates of hanging and vehicle exhaust gas. Conclusions: The marked increases in rates of youth suicide in New Zealand during the past two decades are accounted for, almost wholly, by increases in rates of suicide by hanging and, to a lesser extent, vehicle exhaust gas. In 1996 the majority (79.7%) of youth suicides were accounted for by these two methods: hanging (61.5%) and vehicle exhaust gas (18.2%). Both methods are widely available and difficult to restrict, implying that limiting access to means of suicide is a strategy which is unlikely to play a major role in reducing suicidal behaviour among young people in New Zealand.

scholarly journals Trends in Suicide Mortality in Montenegro From 2000 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Injac Stevović ◽  
Selman Repišti ◽  
Tamara Radojičić ◽  
Olivera Injac
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Methods Of Suicide ◽  
Cultural Features

Abstract Background: This is an ecological study that analyzes suicides committed in Montenegro during the 2000-2018 period, taking into account gender, age and methods of suicide. Methods: Suicide rates and trends up until 2009 were obtained from the official registers of Bureau of Statistics of Montenegro (MONSTAT) while the later data were obtained from the Department of Interior’s. MONSTAT also provided data on unemployment and average salary. As per statistical methods, descriptive and correlations were calculated. Results: The average crude suicide rate was 21.06, for males 29.93 and for females 12.42. Crude suicide rates were not associated with unemployment rate or average salary. However, the unemployment rate was significantly correlated with lethal methods of suicide, namely suicide by firearm and by hanging. Average net salary was negatively correlated with suicide by firearm. Conclusions: The ratio of males and females who committed suicide was 2.41. In the last three years, this ratio continues to rise in favor of males (reaching 4.29 in 2018). This could be explained by specific cultural features where males are expected to be the main financial contributors to the households. The labor market of Montenegro does not offer adequate opportunities to set and maintain a stable economic situation which puts additional pressure and stress on males.

Performance of Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Pavement in Reduction of Motor Vehicles’ Exhaust Gas

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (11) ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Zhuoying Jiang ◽  
Xiong (Bill) Yu
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Three Dimensional Model

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used photocatalyst that can oxidize motor vehicle exhaust, for example, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide, under the irradiation of sunlight. It has been reported that nano-scale TiO2 particles can be effectively used to modify the concrete-asphalt pavement, and make it as a photocatalytic pavement. However, the pure TiO2 additive limits its absorption spectrum to the ultraviolet region, which only occupies a small portion of sunlight irradiance. To increase the utilization of the full spectrum of sunlight, it has been demonstrated that doping TiO2 with substances such as Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), or metal can reduce the band-gap and extend the threshold of the absorption spectrum to the visible light region. Therefore, doped-TiO2 has a better photocatalytic performance under sunlight irradiation. This paper conducted computational simulation of the kinetics of photocatalytic pavement to quantify the efficiency of doped-TiO2 embedded pavement in reducing exhaust gas from motor vehicles. A three-dimensional model is developed on a section of local road with doped-TiO2 embedded pavement. The effects of doped-TiO2 concentration, daylight conditions, and traffic flow conditions on the removal of NOx and CO were studied. The results indicate that the pavement with doped-TiO2 coating is effective to remove CO and NOx under different traffic density and daylight intensity conditions. Compared with UV activated TiO2, visible-light-activated doped-TiO2 features significantly higher removal efficiency of poisonous exhaustive gas including NOx and CO.

Trends in Suicide Rate for England and Wales 1975–80

1984 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. G. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Real Increase

SummaryThe suicide rate in England and Wales has increased annually in the period 1975 to 1980. The increase has occurred in both sexes, but has been greater for males. There has been a decrease in suicide by poisoning with solid or liquid substances (including overdoses) and a marked increase in poisoning by vehicle exhaust gas. The rate of hanging, strangulation and suffocation has also increased substantially: taken together (ICD E953) these now form the most common method of suicide in males. Statistics for ‘undetermined’ and ‘accidental’ death have been examined, and indicate that the increase in the official suicide rate represents a real increase in suicides during this period.

Unregulated Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Components

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schuermann ◽  
K.-H. Lies ◽  
H. Klingenberg
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust
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