Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations: Pathological Phenomena?

1996 ◽  
Vol 169 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice M. Ohayon ◽  
Robert G. Priest ◽  
Malijaï Caulet ◽  
Christian Guilleminault
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Interview Process ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

BackgroundHypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are common in narcolepsy. However, the prevalence of these phenomena in the general population is uncertain.MethodA representative community sample of 4972 people in the UK, aged 15–100, was interviewed by telephone (79.6% of those contacted). Interviews were performed by lay interviewers using a computerised system that guided the interviewer through the interview process.ResultsThirty-seven per cent of the sample reported experiencing hypnagogic hallucinations and 12.5% reported hypnopompic hallucinations. Both types of hallucinations were significantly more common among subjects with symptoms of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness or mental disorders. According to this study, the prevalence of narcolepsy in the UK is 0.04%.ConclusionsHypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations were much more common than expected, with a prevalence that far exceeds that which can be explained by the association with narcolepsy. Hypnopompic hallucinations may be a better indicator of narcolepsy than hypnagogic hallucinations in subjects reporting excessive daytime sleepiness.

Sleep and epilepsy—chicken or egg?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora A. Lozsadi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Seizure Control ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Epilepsy is the commonest serious chronic neurological condition, affecting 0.5% of the population in the UK. Subjective sleep disturbance and excessive daytime sleepiness are reported to be 50% more frequent in those with epilepsy than in controls. Causes are multiple. Both poor seizure control and nocturnal attacks are known to contribute to such sleep disorders. Epilepsy also increases the risk of associated sleep disorders, and additional neurological conditions, such as dementia, learning disability, and depression. These all affect sleep hygiene. Prescribed anti-epileptic drugs will further aggravate the problem. Side-effects will include drowsiness. Sedating benzodiazepines and barbiturates are considered worst offenders. Others affect sleep architecture to varying degrees and/or cause insomnia. While hyper-somnolence in patients with epilepsy will raise the possibility of any of the above issues, sleep deprivation is one of the commonest seizure triggers. This chapter will shed more light on the intricate relationship between sleep and epilepsy.

scholarly journals Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Depression and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: More Than Just an Overlapping Symptom

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danwei Zhang ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Huihua Li ◽  
Kaimo Ding
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
General Population ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
The Relationship

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a significant public health concern, with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) being a common cause, and a particular relationship exists with the severity of depression. A literature search on OSA, depression, and EDS was performed in PubMed. The chosen evidence was limited to human studies. Available evidence was systematically reviewed to ascertain the association of EDS with depression and OSA according to the general population and some specific population subgroups. In addition, effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was analyzed as a standard therapy for improving EDS and depression in patients with OSA. In the general population, patients with OSA, and some other subpopulations, the review contributed to: (1) delineating the prevalence of EDS; (2) substantiating the relationship of EDS and depression; (3) presenting the relationship between EDS and OSA; and (4) revealing that the duration of CPAP is crucial for its therapeutic effects in improving EDS and depressive symptoms in patients with OSA.

scholarly journals Prevalence of mental disorders in prisons in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S283-S284
Author(s):  
Nivedita Rebbapragada ◽  
Vivek Furtado ◽  
George William Hawker-Bond
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Revolving Door ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Uk

AimsTo report pooled prevalence of all mental disorders among the general prison population in the United Kingdom (UK). This includes individuals in Young Offender Institutions (YOI), youth custody and adult prisons across all categories. A secondary aim explores possible sources of heterogeneity by performing subgroup and meta-regression analysis across certain covariates (e.g. sex of prisoner). We hypothesise that contemporary estimates of mental disorders are higher than the general population.BackgroundPrevalence of mental health problems among prisoners are considerably higher than the general population; this poses an important public health concern. Individuals who require diversion to appropriate psychiatric services are becoming embroiled in the revolving door of the criminal justice system. However, there are no up-to-date reviews assessing prevalence of mental disorders across the general prison population in the UK. This study aims to address this gap.MethodWe conducted a systematic search of PsycINFO (1923 – October 2019), MEDLINE (1946 – October 2019), EMBASE (1947 – October 2019) and Web of Science (all years) of articles reporting prevalence of mental disorders in UK prison populations (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019132685). The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data assessed study quality and bias. Pooled prevalence of each mental disorder was calculated using Stata statistical software 16.0 via the metaprop command. Forest plots present prevalence estimates with study weights and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, 20 studies satisfied inclusion criteria, comprising of 12,335 prisoners across England, Wales and Scotland.ResultWe identified higher rates of neurotic disorders (28.9%, 95% CI 0.71–74.7%), personality disorders (23.5%, 95% CI 13.6–35.2%), alcohol (22.7%, 95% CI 12.2–35.1%) and drug dependence (26.7%, 95% CI 15.0–40.4%). The lowest prevalence rates included schizophrenia (2.42%, 95% CI 0.78–4.84%), panic disorders (3.88%, 95% CI 3.17% – 4.64%), adjustment disorders (3.83%, 95% CI 1.19–7.84%) and intellectual disability (2.90%, 95% CI 0.90–5.80%). Meta-regressions for psychotic disorder and personality disorder revealed no significant differences across study year, sample size and gender.ConclusionOur prevalence estimates of mental disorders in prisons are higher than the general English population. However, we should acknowledge the influence of considerable heterogeneity. These findings demonstrate the need to quantify current prevalence of mental disorders amongst prisoners in the UK. We recommend for the government to consider performing an up-to-date census of psychiatric morbidity to facilitate service provision.

scholarly journals Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with chronic kidney disease undergone hemodialysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-660
Author(s):  
Nina Teixeira Fonsêca ◽  
Israel R. Santos ◽  
Virgilio Fernandes ◽  
Vinicius Alves Thomaz Fernandes ◽  
Viviane Cristina Delgado Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Introduction Approximately 80% of patients with chronic kidney disease complain about sleep disorders, which is a much higher percentage than in the general population. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the third most frequent complaint in these patients, and it is significantly associated with a higher risk of sleep apnea. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of daytime sleepiness in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who were undergoing diurnal hemodialysis. Materials and methods The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was applied to patients with ESRD who underwent diurnal hemodialysis in the Centro de Nefrologia da Zona Norte in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Results A total of 168 patients were included in the study. According to the ESS, 31% presented with a mild propensity to sleep, 22% with a moderate propensity, and 17% with a severe propensity. Conclusion Our study concluded that 70% of the sample of patients with ESRD who were undergoing hemodialysis presented with a propensity to sleep in inappropriate circumstances on the ESS. When excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with sleep apnea and other comorbidities, it is essential to carefully assess patients’ complaints.

scholarly journals Excessive daytime sleepiness in secondary chronic headache from the general population

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Saxhaug Kristoffersen ◽  
Knut Stavem ◽  
Christofer Lundqvist ◽  
Michael Bjørn Russell
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Chronic Headache
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