The Korsakoff Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Kopelman
Keyword(s):  
Memory Loss ◽  
Anterograde Amnesia ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Memory Disorder ◽  
Mammillary Bodies ◽  
Korsakoff Syndrome ◽  
Retrograde Memory ◽  
Neuro Imaging ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundInvestigations of the Korsakoff syndrome by researchers from different disciplines have proliferated in recent years, making it apposite to review the various findings.MethodThis review is based on the author's knowledge of reports in the major clinical and neuropsychological journals, supplemented by Medline searches to update particular subtopics.ResultsThe Korsakoff syndrome is defined as a disproportionate impairment in memory, relative to other aspects of cognitive function, resulting from a nutritional (thiamine) depletion. The initial manifestations of the disorder are variable, and a persistent memory impairment can result from a non-alcoholic aetiology, although this seems to happen much less commonly than in the past – presumably because of generally higher standards of nutrition. Although there is agreement on the underlying neuropathology, the critical lesion sites for memory disorder have been debated. Recent evidence suggests that the circuit involving the mammillary bodies, the mammillo-thalamic tract and the anterior thalamus, rather than the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is particularly critical in the formation of new memories. The relationship of these deficits to thiamine depletion remains a topic of current investigation, as does the purported role of neurotransmitter depletions in the cholinergic, glutamate/GABA and catecholamine and serotonergic systems. Neuro-imaging studies have confirmed autopsy findings of more widespread structural and metabolic abnormalities, particularly involving the frontal lobes.ConclusionsThe relationship of these neuropathological, neurochemical, and metabolic abnormalities to cognitive functioning, with particular reference to specific aspects of memory processing, has been considered in some detail. Whereas structural and/or neurochemical abnormalities within the limbic/diencephalic circuits account for anterograde amnesia, some other factor, such as frontal lobe dysfunction, must underlie the severe retrograde memory loss which is characteristically found in this syndrome.

The case of the amnesic intelligence officer

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Kopelman ◽  
R. E. A. Green ◽  
E. M. Green ◽  
P. D. R. Lewis ◽  
N. Stanhope
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Anterograde Amnesia ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Retrograde Memory ◽  
Past Life

SynopsisThis paper describes a patient whose amnesia for an offence (fraud) and two fugue episodes occurred against the background of an underlying organic amnesia. The fugue states conformed in their duration and precipitating factors to previous accounts in the literature. The organic, anterograde memory impairment was attributed to multiple small infarcts and a larger infarction in the left medial temporal lobe, which were evident on MRI and PET scans after the patient had developed transient neurological signs. At follow-up, the anterograde amnesia had persisted, and the patient also showed some difficulty in retrieving autobiographical memories of past incidents or events, although other aspects of his retrograde memory were intact (including his knowledge of facts about his past life and his general knowledge of public events). The difficulty in retrieving autobiographical incidents may have resulted from the presence of a moderate degree of frontal lobe dysfunction or, just possibly, from ischaemia in the left anterior temporal lobe. The persistence of the organic memory impairment and the importance of both the clinical history and neuropsychological testing in assessment are discussed, as well as the need to examine for possible organic factors in patients who may initially appear to manifest purely ‘psychogenic’ memory loss.

Cavernous malformation of the mammillary bodies: neuropsychological implications

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel V. Loesch ◽  
Steven Gilman ◽  
Jerel Del Dotto ◽  
Mark L. Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Cavernous Malformation ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mammillary Bodies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

✓ The authors present the first documented case of a cavernous malformation of the mammillary bodies. A 34-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of headaches and acute memory changes. Magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrated a retrochiasmatic interpeduncular lesion that was initially thought to be a craniopharyngioma. Operative resection confirmed the diagnosis of a cavernous malformation. This particular case is unique in its destruction of the mammillary bodies and presents further evidence of the relationship of these regions to memory. This report is also the first to document results of pre- and postoperative neuropsychological evaluations that specifically address the memory deficits created by destruction of the mammillary bodies.

The relationship of erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport to blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities in a sample of untreated middle-aged male workers

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 815-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Strazzullo ◽  
Francesco P. Cappuccio ◽  
Maurizio Trevisant ◽  
Alfonso Siani ◽  
Gianvincenzo Barba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Middle Aged Male ◽  
Male Workers

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Ige Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Ige Binding ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

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