Evidence for a Gender-Specific Decline in the Rate of Schizophrenia in Rural Ireland over a 50-Year Period

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Waddington ◽  
Hanafy A. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Homogeneous Region ◽  
Cerebral Development ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Gender Specific

The issue of whether the incidence rate of schizophrenia may have declined over recent decades has generated considerable controversy. This study sought to ascertain and interview all patients who satisfied contemporary diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia within a defined and unusually homogeneous region of rural Ireland having a total population of 25 178 people; morbid risk for schizophrenia was then examined by quinquennia of birth from 1920–24 to 1965–69. Morbid risk appeared essentially constant for persons born between 1920 and 1939 but fell by 37% for those born between 1940 and 1969, the fall being considerably more prominent in females (–56%) than in males (–19%). Attention is focused on sexual dimorphism in cerebral development and on temporal changes in endogenous or exogenous factors that influence the rate of occurrence of schizophrenia in females.

A spatial SIS model with Holling II incidence rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (08) ◽  
pp. 1950092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhao Xie ◽  
Gongqian Liang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yanhong She
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Sis Model ◽  
Sis Epidemic Model ◽  
Asymptotic Profile ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Diffusion Rates ◽  
Two Populations

A diffusive SIS epidemic model with Holling II incidence rate is studied in this paper. We introduce the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] first. Then the existence of endemic equilibrium (EE) can be determined by the sizes of [Formula: see text] as well as the diffusion rates of susceptible and infected individuals. We also investigate the effect of diffusion rates on asymptotic profile of EE. Our results conclude that the infected population will die out if the diffusion rate of susceptible individuals is small and the total population [Formula: see text] is below a certain level; while the two populations persist eventually if at least one of the diffusion rates of the susceptible and infected individuals is large.

scholarly journals Epidemiological features of Mediterranean spotted fever, murine typhus, and Q fever in Split-Dalmatia County (Croatia), 1982–2002

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (7) ◽  
pp. 972-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. PUNDA-POLIĆ ◽  
B. LUKŠIĆ ◽  
V. ČAPKUN
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mediterranean Spotted Fever ◽  
Murine Typhus ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

SUMMARYWe determined the epidemiological features of three zoonoses in hospitalized patients in southern Croatia. Patients were diagnosed by serological testing. Clinical and epidemiological data were also collected. Between 1982 and 2002, Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) was diagnosed in 126 (incidence rate 1·27/100 000 per year), murine typhus (MT), in 57 (incidence rate 0·57/100 000 per year), and Q fever in 170 (incidence rate 1·7/100 000 per year) patients. MSF and Q fever were characterized by a marked seasonality. Incidences of Q fever and of MSF were higher for males than for females (P<0·0001 andP=0·0024, respectively). The most frequent of the three zoonoses in children was MSF. Q fever and MT cases were mostly seen in the 21–50 years age group. We found no statistically significant differences between season- and gender-specific incidence rates of MT. Whereas infections due to rickettsiae decreased, the incidence of Q fever increased over the last 12 years of the study.

scholarly journals Natural selection? The evolution of diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire L Meek
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Considerable Controversy

Gestational diabetes is a common pregnancy disorder which is generally managed with diet, exercise, metformin or insulin treatment and which usually resolves after delivery of the infant. Identifying and treating gestational diabetes improves maternal and fetal outcomes and allows for health promotion to reduce the mother’s risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. However, there remains considerable controversy about the optimal method of identification and diagnosis of women with gestational diabetes. The NICE-2015 diagnostic criteria (75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 0 h ≥5.6 mmol/L; 2 h ≥7.8 mmol/L) are based upon cost-effectiveness estimates using observational data, while the WHO-2013 criteria (75 g OGTT 0 h ≥5.1 mmol/L; 1 h ≥10.0 mmol/L; 2 h ≥8.5 mmol/L) identify women and infants at risk of adverse outcomes according to prospective data. There is also considerable controversy about testing for gestational diabetes using universal or risk factor-based screening, and when and how testing should be performed. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the clinical biochemistry aspects to these debates and to highlight the importance of appropriate identification of gestational diabetes and subsequent type 2 diabetes in this population.

scholarly journals Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Results in Pregnancy Can Be Used to Individualize the Risk of Future Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liran Hiersch ◽  
Baiju R. Shah ◽  
Howard Berger ◽  
Michael Geary ◽  
Sarah D. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Index Pregnancy ◽  
Nulliparous Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Iadpsg Criteria

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the risk of future maternal T2DM in women with GDM based on the type and number of abnormal 75g-OGTT values and the diagnostic criteria used for the diagnosis of GDM. <p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of all nulliparous women with a live singleton birth who underwent testing for GDM using a 75g-OGTT in Ontario, Canada (2007-2017). We estimated the incidence rates (per 1000 person years), overall risk (expressed as adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]), and risk at 5-year post the index pregnancy of future maternal T2DM. Estimates were stratified by the type and number of abnormal OGTT values, as well as by the diagnostic criteria for GDM (Diabetes Canada vs. IADPSG criteria). </p> <p>RESULTS: A total of 55,361 women met the study criteria. The median duration of follow-up was 4.4 (IQR 2.8-6.3, maximum 10.3) years. Using women without GDM as reference (incidence rate 2.18 per 1000py), women with GDM were at an increased risk of future T2DM, with the risk being higher for the Diabetes Canada compared with the IADPSG criteria (incidence rate 18.74 [95%-CI 17.58-19.90] vs. 14.07 [95%-CI 13.24-14.91] per 1000py, respectively). The risk of future maternal T2DM increased with the number of abnormal OGTT values, and was highest for women with 3 abnormal values (incidence rate 49.93 per 1000py; aHR 24.57 [95%-CI 21.26-28.39]). The risk of future T2DM was also affected by the type of OGTT abnormality: women with an abnormal fasting value had the greatest risk while women with an abnormal 2-hour value had the lowest risk for future T2DM (aHR 14.09 [95%-CI 12.46-15.93) vs. 9.22 [95%-CI 8.19-10.37]), respectively). <a></a><a>Similar findings to those described above were observed when the risk of T2DM at a fixed time point of 5-years post the index pregnancy was considered as the outcome of interest</a>.</p> <p>CONCLUSION: In women with GDM, individualized information regarding the future risk of T2DM can be provided based on the type and number of abnormal OGTT values, as well as the diagnostic criteria used for the diagnosis of GDM. </p>

The catecholamine response to spaceflight: role of diet and gender

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. E500-E506 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Stein ◽  
C. E. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Catecholamine Response ◽  
Fluid Shifts ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Do So

Compared with men, women appear to have a decreased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response to stress. The two manifestations where the sexual dimorphism has been the most pronounced involve the response of the SNS to fluid shifts and fuel metabolism during exercise. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether a similar sexual dimorphism was found in the response to spaceflight. To do so, we compared catecholamine excretion by male and female astronauts from two similar shuttle missions, Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS1, 1991) and 2 (SLS2, 1993) for evidence of sexual dimorphism. To evaluate the variability of the catecholamine response in men, we compared catecholamine excretion from the two SLS missions against the 1996 Life and Microgravity Sciences Mission (LMS) and the 1973 Skylab missions. Results: No gender- or mission-dependent changes were found with epinephrine. Separating out the SLS1/2 data by gender shows that norepinephrine excretion was essentially unchanged with spaceflight in women (98 ± 10%; n = 3) and substantially decreased with the men (41 ± 9%; n= 4, P < 0.05). Data are a percentage of mean preflight value ± SE. Comparisons among males demonstrated significant mission effects on norepinephrine excretion. After flight, there was a transient increase in norepinephrine but no evidence of any gender-specific effects. We conclude that norepinephrine excretion during spaceflight is both mission and gender dependent. Men show the greater response, with at least three factors being involved, a response to microgravity, energy balance, and the ratio of carbohydrate to fat in the diet.

scholarly journals Incidence of schizophrenia in south-east London between 1965 and 1997

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boydell ◽  
J. Van Os ◽  
M. Lambri ◽  
D. Castle ◽  
J. Allardyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
The Past ◽  
Poisson Models ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

BackgroundThere has been much debate about changes in the incidence of schizophrenia.AimsTo identify any changes in incidence of schizophrenia in Camber well, south-east London, between 1965 and 1997.MethodResearch Diagnostic Criteria and DSM–III–R diagnoses were generated for all first contacts by the OPCRIT computer program, and incidence rates of schizophrenia in seven time periods were measured. Indirect standardisation and Poisson models were used to measure the effect of time period and to examine interactions with age and gender.ResultsThere was a continuous and statistically significant increase in the incidence of schizophrenia, which was greatest in people under 35 years of age and was not gender-specific.ConclusionsThe incidence of schizophrenia has doubled in south-east London over the past three decades.

scholarly journals Incidence Trends of Gastric Cancer in Southern Iran: Adenocarcinoma and Non-Cardia Gastric Cancer Are More Rising Among Younger Ages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahanaz Hosseini-Bensenjan ◽  
Hossein Molavi Vardanjani ◽  
Zahra Khosravizadegan ◽  
Kamran Bagheri-Lankarani
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Southern Iran ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Epidemiological Transitions ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Background Gastric cancer (GC) is still one of the major causes of cancer mortality. Due to health-related transitions, the epidemiology of GC subtypesmaybe changed. These changes may have profound effects on the clinical approaches, and public health management of GC. Iran, as a developing country, has experienced huge demographic and epidemiological transitions during recent decades. We aimed to investigate subtype-specific population-based incidence trends of GC in southern Iran. Methods We used data on GC incidence in southern Iran for 2001–2015. Data preparation and subtype grouping were done based on the ICD-O-3. Trends of age-standardized incidence rate (ASR), truncated ASRs, the incidence rate of early-onset, adenocarcinoma, and cardia GC, and age-gender specific rates were analyzed applying joinpoint regression modeling. Annual percentage change (APC) and its 95%confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Results Overall APC was estimated at 7.2 for males and 8.7 for females. Estimated APCs for trends of overall GC, and gastric adenocarcinoma were stable for both genders during 2009 to 2015, while the trends of cardia GC were increasing for both genders. Estimated APCs for trends of non-cardia GC wasalso stable. Conclusion Overall trends of incidence of GC in southern Iran have been stable for the last decade. However, significant and different changes in the pattern of GC have occurred.Etiological and prognostic studies are needed in Iran for improvement of the GC management.

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