Neuroanatomical Studies of Major Affective Disorders

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip V. Jeste ◽  
James B. Lohr ◽  
Frederick K. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Computerised Tomography ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Primary Affective Disorders

Interest in the long-neglected neuropathology of major affective disorders has recently been rekindled, partly because of the emergence of brain-imaging techniques. We review the literature suggesting that attention be given to the neuroanatomy and neuropathology of primary and secondary affective disorders. Computerised tomography studies show that patients with affective disorders tend to be similar to schizophrenic patients and significantly different from normal control subjects in ventricle:brain ratio, sulcal widening, and cerebellar vermian atrophy. As yet, there are few neuropathological investigations of the brains of patients with primary affective disorders. Suggestions for further research in the neuropathology of affective disorders are offered.

scholarly journals The detection of intentional contingencies in simple animations in patients with delusions of persecution

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1433-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-J. BLAKEMORE ◽  
Y. SARFATI ◽  
N. BAZIN ◽  
J. DECETY
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Persecutory Delusions ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contingent Condition ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Relationship

Background. It has been proposed that delusions of persecution are caused by the tendency to over-attribute malevolent intentions to other people's actions. One aspect of intention attribution is detecting contingencies between an agent's actions and intentions. Here, we used simplified stimuli to test the hypothesis that patients with persecutory delusions over-attribute contingency to agents' movements.Method. Short animations were presented to three groups of subjects: (1) schizophrenic patients; (2) patients with affective disorders; and (3) normal control subjects. Patients were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of delusions of persecution. Participants watched four types of film featuring two shapes. In half the films one shape's movement was contingent on the other shape. Contingency was either ‘intentional’: one shape moved when it ‘saw’ another shape; or ‘mechanical’: one shape was launched by the other shape. Subjects were asked to rate the strength of the relationship between the movement of the shapes.Results. Normal control subjects and patients without delusions of persecution rated the relationship between the movement of the shapes as stronger in both mechanical and intentional contingent conditions than in non-contingent conditions. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the ratings of patients with delusions of persecution for the conditions in which movement was animate. Patients with delusions of persecution perceived contingency when there was none in the animate non-contingent condition.Conclusions. The results suggest that delusions of persecution may be associated with the over-attribution of contingency to the actions of agents.

Schizophrenic and Manic Brains in Nigerians Computerised Tomography Findings

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude U. Ohaeri ◽  
Abiodun O. Adeyinka ◽  
Solomon N. Enyidah ◽  
Benjamin O. Osuntokun
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Computerised Tomography ◽  
Brain Abnormality ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Brain Ventricle

BackgroundWe highlight the profile of brain computerised tomography (CT) measures among Nigerian psychiatric patients for comparison with findings from developed countries, and study of the relationship between CT values and clinical variables.MethodSeven brain ventricle measures of 50 schizophrenic patients, 14 manic patients, and 41 healthy control subjects were compared.ResultsPatients had a significantly higher mean Sylvian fissure area. The third ventricle of schizophrenic patients was significantly larger than those of control subjects. CT measures were not significantly correlated with duration of illness.ConclusionThe so-called functional psychotic states are most probably associated with nonspecific brain abnormality.

Cerebellar blood flow in schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L. Steinberg ◽  
Michael D. Devous ◽  
Frederick G. Moeller ◽  
Ronald G. Paulman ◽  
Joachim D. Raese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Immediate versus delayed visual memory task performance among schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M Dougherty ◽  
Joel L Steinberg ◽  
Adel A Wassef ◽  
David Medearis ◽  
Don R Cherek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Visual Memory Task

Attentional abilities and measures of schizotypy: Their variation and covariation in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and normal control subjects

1994 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Franke ◽  
Wolfgang Maier ◽  
Jochen Hardt ◽  
Christoph Hain ◽  
Barbara A. Cornblatt
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

scholarly journals The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-J. BLAKEMORE ◽  
J. SMITH ◽  
R. STEEL ◽  
E. C. JOHNSTONE ◽  
C. D. FRITH
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Background. To test the hypothesis that certain psychotic symptomatology is due to a defect in self- monitoring, we investigated the ability of groups of psychiatric patients to differentiate perceptually between self-produced and externally produced tactile stimuli.Methods. Responses to tactile stimulation were assessed in three groups of subjects: schizophrenic patients; patients with bipolar affective disorder or depression; and normal control subjects. Within the psychiatric groups subjects were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences. The subjects were asked to rate the perception of a tactile sensation on the palm of their left hand. The tactile stimulation was either self-produced by movement of the subject's right hand or externally produced by the experimenter.Results. Normal control subjects and those psychiatric patients with neither auditory hallucinations nor passivity phenomena experienced self-produced stimuli as less intense, tickly and pleasant than identical, externally produced tactile stimuli. In contrast, psychiatric patients with these symptoms did not show a decrease in their perceptual ratings for tactile stimuli produced by themselves as compared with those produced by the experimenter. This failure to show a difference in perception between self-produced and externally produced stimuli appears to relate to the presence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences rather than to the diagnosis of schizophrenia.Conclusions. We propose that auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences are associated with an abnormality in the self-monitoring mechanism that normally allows us to distinguish self-produced from externally produced sensations.

Serum Copper in Schizophrenia in Nigerians

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Olatunbosun ◽  
M. O. Akindele ◽  
B. K. Adadevoh ◽  
T. Asuni
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Serum Copper ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Serum

SummarySerum copper concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 102 schizophrenic patients and 95 healthy control subjects. The serum copper concentrations were significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients than in the normal control subjects. The average serum copper in schizophrenic females was higher than in schizophrenic males, but the difference was not statistically significant

Serum homovanillic acid levels in schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L. Steinberg ◽  
David L. Garver ◽  
Frederick G. Moeller ◽  
Joachim D. Raese ◽  
Paul J. Orsulak
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Rating scale for the assessment of communication disorders in schizophrenics

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 352-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Olivier ◽  
MC Hardy-Baylé ◽  
S Lancrenon ◽  
J Fermanian ◽  
Y Sarfati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Total Correlation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Clinical Description

SummaryTaking up the Bleulerian view of a clinical description based on a pathogenic model, we propose a rating scale for the assessment of communication disorders in schizophrenic patients. The scale consists of clinical items that could be the direct expression of the three hypotheses of cognitive dysfunction which have been postulated to explain communication dysfunction in these patients. We assessed the frequency of the 16 items in the scale in a total of 80 subjects (43 schizophrenic subjects, ten manic subjects, 17 depressive subjects and ten normal control subjects). The results of this study showed that this item schedule was specific to schizophrenic patients and, in particular, could statistically significantly discriminate schizophrenic patients from psychotic patients with affective disorder. The methodological qualities of the scale were explored and proved accurate, except for the reliability which is too low for some items and the item-to-total correlation which is too low for one item of the scale.

Course and Outcome in Affective Disorders

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Bland ◽  
Helene Orn
Keyword(s):  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Recurrent Depression ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Single Episode ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Primary Affective Disorders ◽  
Depressive Episodes

One hundred and two of 108 patients who were successive first lifetime admissions for affective disorders between 1961 and 1965, and whose charts fulfilled Feighner criteria for primary affective disorders, were followed up in 1978–1980. Such studies from the onset of illness or first admission are rare. Seventy-five patients had depressions only, and of these 41 were non-recurrent; 27 had manic episodes, but only 9 of these had manic and depressive episodes, and 17 had unipolar mania, which in 6 was non-recurrent (one patient had a single mixed episode). Sex ratios varied, with a large female excess in the single episode depressions, to a male excess in those with both manic and depressive episodes. Outcome after 15 years was examined on scales for economic productivity, social adjustment and psychiatric condition; summed for a combined outcome measure. Results from a previous study of schizophrenic patients were used for comparison. Patient groups were schizophrenic, single episode depression, recurrent depression, and mania ± depression. On all measures, schizophrenic patients had the worst outcome, single episode depression the best, with the recurrent depressives and manias ± depressions in an intermediate position and differing little from each other. Thus, in terms of the course of the illness over a period as long as 15 years, patients do not clearly fall into recurrent depressions (recurrent uhipolars) and manic depressives (bipolars), a large number being nonrecurrent depressions, which form a distinct group on the outcome measures. Although the affective disorders have a better long-term outcome than schizophrenia, they do produce definite morbidity, more so in the recurrent than non-recurrent disorders.

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