Pathology, Phenomenology and the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Schizophrenic Symptom ◽  
Dopamine Hypothesis ◽  
Dopamine Innervation

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia implies that positive schizophrenic symptoms should be understandable by reference to brain structures receiving a dopamine innervation, or in terms of the functional role of dopamine itself. The basal ganglia, ventral striatum, septo-hippocampal system, and prefrontal cortex, sites of mesotelencephalic dopamine innervation, are examined and it is argued that their dysfunction could form the basis of particular schizophrenic symptom classes. The postulated involvement of dopamine in reinforcement processes might further assist such interpretations. This type of analysis can be extended to other categories of schizophrenic psychopathology.

Functional role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the modulation of cognitive bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Xia ◽  
Yansong Li ◽  
Yanqiu Wang ◽  
Jing Xia ◽  
Yitong Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

The Role of Temporo-parietal Cortex in Subcortical Visual Extinction

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2141-2150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Francesco Ticini ◽  
Bianca de Haan ◽  
Uwe Klose ◽  
Thomas Nägele ◽  
Hans-Otto Karnath
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cortical Lesion ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Visual Extinction ◽  
Subcortical Brain Structures ◽  
The Right

Visual extinction is an intriguing defect of awareness in stroke patients, referring to the unsuccessful perception of contralesional events under conditions of competition. Previous studies have investigated the cortical and subcortical brain structures that, when damaged or inactivated, provoke visual extinction. The present experiment asked how lesions of subcortical structures may contribute to the appearance of visual extinction. We investigated whether lesions centering on right basal ganglia may induce dysfunction in distant, structurally intact cortical structures. Normalized perfusion-weighted MRI was used to identify structurally intact but abnormally perfused brain tissue, that is, zones that are receiving enough blood supply to remain structurally intact but not enough to function normally. We compared patients with right basal ganglia lesions showing versus not showing visual extinction. In the extinction patients, the contrast revealed cortical malperfusion that clustered around the right TPJ. It seems as if malfunction of this area is a critical aspect in visual extinction not only after cortical lesion but also in the case of subcortical basal ganglia damage. Our results support the idea that a normally functioning TPJ area plays a decisive role for the attentional network involved in detecting of visual stimuli under conditions of competition.

Intact Proactive Motor Inhibition after Unilateral Prefrontal Cortex or Basal Ganglia Lesions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Matthias Liebrand ◽  
Anne-Kristin Solbakk ◽  
Ingrid Funderud ◽  
Macià Buades-Rotger ◽  
Robert T. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Contingent Negative Variation ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Electrophysiological Activity ◽  
Preparatory Attention ◽  
External Signals

Previous research provided evidence for the critical importance of the prefrontal cortex (pFC) and basal ganglia (BG) for reactive motor inhibition, that is, when actions are cancelled in response to external signals. Less is known about the role of the pFC and BG in proactive motor inhibition, referring to preparation for an upcoming stop signal. In this study, patients with unilateral lesions to the BG or lateral pFC performed in a cued go/no-go task, whereas their EEG was recorded. The paradigm called for cue-based preparation for upcoming, lateralized no-go signals. Based on previous findings, we focused on EEG indices of cognitive control (prefrontal beta), motor preparation (sensorimotor mu/beta, contingent negative variation [CNV]), and preparatory attention (occipital alpha, CNV). On a behavioral level, no differences between patients and controls were found, suggesting an intact ability to proactively prepare for motor inhibition. Patients showed an altered preparatory CNV effect, but no other differences in electrophysiological activity related to proactive and reactive motor inhibition. Our results suggest a context-dependent role of BG and pFC structures in motor inhibition, being critical in reactive, unpredictable contexts, but less so in situations where one can prepare for stopping on a short timescale.

The Ventral Striatum as an Interface Between the Limbic and Motor Systems

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 887-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk J. Groenewegen ◽  
Michael Trimble
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Nuclear Structures ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
Deep Brain

Over the next 2 years, CNS Spectrums will be publishing a series of articles on neuroanatomy. The purpose of these articles is to broaden knowledge and interest in neuroanatomy, with a special reference to some key brain structures that are important for neuropsychiatry. Interest in nuclear structures and hodology, in connectivity and circuitry between brain regions, and in neurochemical associations has increased in the last 3 decades due to new neuroanatomical staining methods, brain imaging, and new treatments, such as deep brain stimulation.These columns will enliven an understanding of the clinical neuroscience interface but also provide a solid framework of contemporary neuroanatomy for psychiatrists and neurologists.The first in the series reviews the ventral striatum. Henk J. Groenewegen, MD, PhD, in a column dedicated to the late Lennart Heimer, MD, reveals the importance of this structure and its connectivity for a contemporary understanding of brain-behavior relationships. In earlier conceptions, the basal ganglia were solely related to motor function, uninvolved with emotion or cognition. This conception arose from a misunderstanding of basic neuroanatomy, which has been unravelled by careful neuroanatomical studies in the last 30 years with new tissue staining and tracing techniques.The basal ganglia are the main target structures of the limbic system, hence the motion in emotion.

scholarly journals Subcortical functions in cognition: Toward a consensus

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1027-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE CROSSON ◽  
KATHLEEN Y. HAALAND
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
And Behavior

Behavioral neurologists and neuropsychologists have debated the role of the thalamus and basal ganglia in cognition and behavior for more than a century (e.g., Bucy, 1942; Marie, 1906; Penfield & Roberts, 1959; Wernicke, 1874). However, over these 100-plus years, there is little consensus regarding whether or how these structures contribute to cognition. Fortunately, recent research findings are rapidly changing this state of affairs. It is now obvious we will not understand how the brain controls complex activities until we understand the contribution of these deep brain structures. In healthy and brain-damaged individuals, application of methodologies such as semantic priming, event related potentials, and functional neuroimaging to the question of subcortical functions is beginning to resolve this conundrum. This symposium demonstrates the utility of combining these different approaches. It features empirical work from six laboratories that have engaged in systematic inquiries regarding the role of the thalamus and basal ganglia in cognition. This body of work represents both new directions and convergence of recent findings in the quest to integrate our understanding of this complex issue.

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