Depression, Hopelessness and Suicide in Chronic Schizophrenia

1986 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Drake ◽  
Paul G. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Relationship

Hospital records for 104 schizophrenic patients, 15 of whom subsequently committed suicide, were rated blindly for individual depressive symptoms comprising DSM III major depressive episode, and for hopelessness. Our results indicate that a large proportion of schizophrenic patients experienced major depressive episodes, and that these can be reliably identified. Presuicidal schizophrenics also experienced depressed mood, but only a minority developed the full syndrome; they typically exhibited the psychological, but not somatic symptoms. The relationship between depression and suicide disappears when hopelessness is taken into account.

scholarly journals Association between Depression and Renal Hyperfiltration in a General Chinese Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1441-1452
Author(s):  
Miao Lin ◽  
Huibin Huang ◽  
Jin Yao ◽  
Jixing Liang ◽  
Liantao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Renal Hyperfiltration ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Background: Depression is prevalent in patients with all stages of CKD and is associated with adverse outcome. Abnormally elevated GFR, or hyperfiltration, may play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of CKD. However, the association between depression and hyperfiltration is not known. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between depression and hyperfiltration. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study. A total of 3,716 volunteers (1,303 males and 2,413 females) aged 40–75 years without CKD from a community in China were included for the study. Depressive symptoms and the presence of a minor or major depressive episode were assessed with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition)-based structured interview, respectively. Results: The mean age of the participants in the present study was 53.8 ± 9.0 years. 115 participants had clinically relevant depression, and 122 participants had a minor or major depressive episode. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders, the association between clinically relevant depression and renal hyperfiltration remained significant in men but not in women. As compared with men without depression (PHQ <5) or depressive episodes, those with clinically relevant depression (PHQ ≥10) had a significantly higher risk of renal hyperfiltration. The fully adjusted OR (95% CI) was 4.81 (1.62–14.30, p = 0.005), those with a major depressive episode had a higher risk of renal hyperfiltration (OR 7.45; 95% CI 2.04–27.21, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes are associated with renal hyperfiltration in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men without CKD. Future studies are needed to verify and clarify the role of depression in the development of abnormally high eGFR and CKD.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy for subclinical depression: meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Sander L. Koole ◽  
Annemiek van Dijke ◽  
Miquel Roca ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Subclinical Depression

BackgroundThere is controversy about whether psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of subclinical depression, defined by clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the absence of a major depressive disorder.AimsTo examine whether psychotherapies are effective in reducing depressive symptoms, reduce the risk of developing major depressive disorder and have comparable effects to psychological treatment of major depression.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies comparing a psychological treatment of subclinical depression with a control group.ResultsThe target groups, therapies and characteristics of the included studies differed considerably from each other, and the quality of many studies was not optimal. Psychotherapies did have a small to moderate effect on depressive symptoms against care as usual at the post-test assessment (g = 0.35, 95% CI 0.23–0.47; NNT = 5, 95% CI 4–8) and significantly reduced the incidence of major depressive episodes at 6 months (RR = 0.61) and possibly at 12 months (RR = 0.74). The effects were significantly smaller than those of psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and could be accounted for by non-specific effects of treatment.ConclusionsPsychotherapy may be effective in the treatment of subclinical depression and reduce the incidence of major depression, but more high-quality research is needed.

scholarly journals Loneliness and depression among rural empty-nest elderly adults in Liuyang, China: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e016091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guojun Wang ◽  
Mi Hu ◽  
Shui-yuan Xiao ◽  
Liang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Rural Elderly ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Empty Nest ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

ObjectiveTo compare loneliness, depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes between empty-nest and not-empty-nest older adults in rural areas of Liuyang city, Hunan, China.MethodsA cross-sectional multi-stage random cluster survey was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 in Liuyang, China. A total of 839 rural older residents aged 60 or above completed the survey (response rate 97.6%). In line with the definition of empty nest, 25 participants who had no children were excluded from the study, while the remaining 814 elderly adults with at least one child were included for analysis. Loneliness and depressive symptoms in rural elderly parents were assessed using the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Major depressive episodes were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I).ResultsSignificant differences were found between empty-nest and not-empty-nest older adults regarding loneliness (16.19±3.90 vs. 12.87±3.02, Cohen’s d=0.97), depressive symptoms (8.50±6.26 vs. 6.92±5.19, Cohen’s d=0.28) and the prevalence of major depressive episodes (10.1% vs. 4.6%) (all p<0.05). After controlling for demographic characteristics and physical disease, the differences in loneliness, depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes remained significant. Path analysis showed that loneliness mediated the relationship between empty-nest syndrome and depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes.ConclusionLoneliness and depression are more severe among empty-nest than not-empty-nest rural elderly adults. Loneliness was a mediating variable between empty-nest syndrome and depression.

Work stress as a risk factor for major depressive episode(s)

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANLI WANG
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Background. Major depression is a prevalent mental disorder in the general population, with a multi-factorial etiology. However, work stress as a risk factor for major depression has not been well studied.Method. Using a longitudinal study design, this analysis investigated the association between the levels of work stress and major depressive episode(s) in the Canadian working population, aged 18 to 64 years. Data from the longitudinal cohort of the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were used (n=6663). The NPHS participants who did not have major depressive episodes (MDE) at baseline (1994–1995 NPHS) were classified into four groups by the quartile values of the baseline work stress scores. The proportion of MDE of each group was calculated using the 1996–1997 NPHS data.Results. The first three quartile groups had a similar risk of MDE. Those who had a work stress score above the 75th percentile had an elevated risk of MDE (7·1%). Using the 75th percentile as a cut-off, work stress was significantly associated with the risk of MDE in multivariate analysis (odds ratio=2·35, 95% confidence interval 1·54–3·77). Other factors associated with MDE in multivariate analysis included educational level, number of chronic medical illnesses and child and adulthood traumatic events. There was no evidence of effect modification between work stress and selected sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial variables.Conclusions. Work stress is an independent risk factor for the development of MDE in the working population. Strategies to improve working environment are needed to keep workers mentally healthy and productive.

scholarly journals Major depressive episode among university students in Southern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betina Daniele Flesch ◽  
Gbènankpon Mathias Houvèssou ◽  
Tiago Neuenfeld Munhoz ◽  
Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

INTRODUCTION: Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world, and it has been increasingly affecting young people. This study evaluates the prevalence and factors associated with major depression in university students, with emphasis on the influence of the academic field, chosen study area and the environment they are inserted. METHODS: A census of students who entered the university in the first semester of 2017 was held at a university in Southern Brazil. The outcome of major depressive episode was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, considered when the individual had five or more depressive symptoms for at least one week. Its prevalence was estimated, and the associated factors were examined by the hierarchical multivariable analysis using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS: A total of 32% (95% confidence interval 29.9–34.2) of university students presented a major depressive episode, and the problem was more frequent among women (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.59); people aged 21 to 23 years (PR = 1.24); those with a family history of depression (PR = 1.27); minorities’ sexual orientation (homosexuals, PR = 1.64, and bisexuals, PR = 1.69); who lived with friends or colleagues (PR = 1.36); students in the area of applied social and human sciences (PR = 1.28), and linguistics, language and literature, and art (PR = 1.25). The worst academic performance (PR = 2.61), alcohol abuse (PR = 1.25), and illicit drug use (PR = 1.30) were also positively associated with major depressive episode. CONCLUSION: In addition to individual, family, and behavioral aspects, already described as risk factors for major depressive episodes in the general population, academic aspects also influence the occurrence of depression among university students. Considering the high prevalence of major depressive episode and its negative impact on health, public and institutional policies are necessary to focus on students’ mental health promotion and care.

Life events exposure before a treated major depressive episode depends on the number of past episodes

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 364-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Corruble ◽  
Bruno Falissard ◽  
Philip Gorwood
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Decline

AbstractA cross-sectional survey investigated the relationship between the number of previous depressive episodes and life events, testing the kindling hypothesis, in a sample of 13,377 treated patients with unipolar depression. A linear decline of average life events exposure is observed for more frequent past episodes, even when age, gender and severity are taken into account.

scholarly journals Negative Self-Referential Processing Predicts the Recurrence of Major Depressive Episodes

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle LeMoult ◽  
Katharina Kircanski ◽  
Gautam Prasad ◽  
Ian H. Gotlib
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Referential Processing ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Most individuals who develop major depressive disorder (MDD) will experience a recurrent depressive episode; we know little, however, about cognitive mechanisms that increase the likelihood of recurrence. In the current study we examined whether negatively biased self-referential processing, negative life events, baseline depressive symptoms, and psychotropic medication use predicted the onset of a subsequent depressive episode in a longitudinal study of women with a history of recurrent MDD. Higher levels of depressive symptoms at baseline predicted experiencing a greater number of negative life events, which, in turn, tended to predict recurrence of depression. It is important that after accounting for other associations, negatively biased self-referential processing contributed unique variance to the likelihood of experiencing a depressive episode over the next 3 years. Thus, negatively biased self-referential processing appears to be a significant risk factor for the recurrence of depressive episodes and may be an important target for interventions aimed at preventing future episodes.

scholarly journals Underdiagnosis of Major Depressive Episodes in Hemodialysis Patients: The Need for Screening and Patient Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4109
Author(s):  
Wojciech Orzechowski ◽  
Wiktor Buczek ◽  
Joanna Emma Szczerba ◽  
Ryszard Gellert ◽  
Andrzej Rydzewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Dialysis Vintage ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Perception Of Self ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

This article aims to identify the reasons why patients with major depressive episode (MDE) do not seek treatment for their mental disorder. 89 out of 208 persons screened were diagnosed with major depressive episode using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. 85 individuals with untreated depression filled out the following questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory, List of Explanations of Well-Being (LEWB), Brief Measure to Assess Perception of Self-Influence on the Course of the Disease, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Brief Method of Evaluating Coping with Disease, and Metacognitions Questionnaire. There were 43 women (50.6%) and 42 men (49.4%), aged 24 to 93 years (Mean (M) = 68.26 years; Standard Deviation (SD) = 14.19 years), with dialysis vintage ranging from 1 month to 33 years (M = 70.63 months; SD = 75.26 months). Among study patients, 70.6% declared that depression was the cause of their poor well-being, 75.3% attributed their depressive symptoms to kidney failure, and 49.4%, more specifically, to hemodialysis. A total of 64.7% of patients had a low perception of self-influence on the course of their kidney disease, and 58.5% presented a coping style focused on emotions. The most frequent dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs were negative beliefs about not controlling one’s own thoughts. This attitude was related to the low perception of self-influence on the course of the disease, maladaptive coping styles, and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs.

Trait-impulsivity moderates the relationship between rumination and number of major depressive episodes among cigarette smokers

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. McChargue ◽  
Susan Drevo ◽  
María J. Herrera ◽  
Neal Doran ◽  
Silvina Salvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Cluster C Personality Disorders in Major Depressive Episodes: The Relationship Between Hostility and Suicidal Behavior

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanita Dervic ◽  
Michael F. Grunebaum ◽  
Ainsley K. Burke ◽  
J. John Mann ◽  
Maria A. Oquendo
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Relationship
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