The Distinction Between the Affective Psychoses and Schizophrenia

1979 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Brockington ◽  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
S. Wainwright ◽  
V. F. Hillier ◽  
J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Functional Psychoses ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

SummaryIn an attempt to demonstrate a valid boundary between schizophrenia and the affective psychoses, discriminant function analyses have been carried out with history, mental state and follow-up data in two populations of patients. A bimodal distribution of discriminant scores was obtained in one of them (a general psychotic sample of 128 patients), using a discriminant function derived from the same sample; but when the function was applied to the second population (a schizoaffective sample of 106 patients) the distribution was ambiguous. Functions derived from the schizoaffective sample produced highly skewed distributions of discriminant scores in the general psychotic sample.Kraepelin's hypothesis that the functional psychoses consist of two distinct disease entities receives some support from our findings, but there is still no compelling evidence that the universe of psychotic patients falls naturally into these two groups.

Differences in skeletal characters between the disjunct eastern and western populations of ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice M. Termaat ◽  
John P. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lake Of The Woods ◽  
Larus Delawarensis ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Univariate analyses of variance, multivariate analyses of variance (Manova), and discriminant function analyses were performed on measurements of 51 skeletal characters of adult males and females from the disjunct eastern and western populations of the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) in Canada. The analyses established sufficient differences in skeletal characters to permit correct identification of the origin of 34 of 38 males (90%) and 40 of 42 females (95%). The populations are now expanding in range to the extent where new colonies are established in the Lake of the Woods, Ontario region, the historical hiatus between the two populations. Further expansion and contact may well erase the existing skeletal differences of individuals in these populations.

The Clinical Distinction between Psychotic and Neurotic Depressions

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (538) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
Jane Gourlay
Keyword(s):  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Psychotic Depression ◽  
Optimal Dimension ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Weighted Score ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Two Populations

Proof that two clinical syndromes are distinct entities depends on a demonstration that patients with features of both syndromes are less common than those with features only of the one or the other. The intermediate forms, the greys, must be shown to be less numerous than the blacks and the whites, which means in graphical terms that a bimodal distribution of scores must be demonstrated on some chosen dimension. The optimal dimension for this purpose is Fisher's discriminant function (Fisher, 1936; Rao, 1948), and it may be useful before proceeding further to describe how this is derived. From the universe of all patients with syndrome X (psychotic depression) or syndrome Y (neurotic depression) every patient is assigned to one or other category, and the two populations are then rated on a series of N items which comprise the recognized discriminators between the two syndromes. From these data the analysis produces a set of weights for the N items which maximizes the ratio of between group to within group variance. The effect of this is that, when a single weighted score is calculated for each patient by combining the weights of the relevant items, the overlap between the scores of members of the two populations, X and Y, is reduced to a minimum. If the distribution of the scores of X and Y combined is bimodal the validity of the distinction between the two is confirmed.

Are There Distinct Disease Entities in Psychopathology?

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-272
Author(s):  
William M. Grove
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Disease Entities

Changes in the Prognosis of Functional Psychoses Since the Days of Kraepelin

1967 ◽  
Vol 113 (501) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Örnulv Ödegård
Keyword(s):  
Special Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Dynamic Reasoning ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Functional Psychoses ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
The Universe

My choice of Kraepelin as a point of departure for this lecture has definite reasons. If one wants to stay within the field of clinical psychiatry (as opposed to psychiatric history), that is as far back as one can reasonably go. By this no slight is intended upon the pre-Kraepelinian psychiatrists. For our topic Henry Maudsley would indeed have been a most appropriate starting point, and by no means for reasons of courtesy. His general point of view is admirably sound as a basis for the scientific study of prognosis in psychiatry. I quote: “There is no accident in madness. Causality, not casualty, governs its appearance in the universe, and it is very far from being a good and sufficient practice simply to mark its phenomena and straightway to pass on as if they belonged not to an order but to a disorder of events that called for no explanation.” On the special problem of prognosis he shows his clinical acumen by stating that the outlook is poor when the course of illness is insidious, but this only means that these cases develop their psychoses on the basis of mental deviations which go very far back in the patient's life, so that in fact they are generally in a chronic stage at the time of their first admission to hospital. Here he actually corrects a mistake which is still quite often made. He shows his dynamic attitude when he says that prognosis is to a large extent modified by external conditions, in particular by the attitude of friends and relatives. Maudsley's dynamic reasoning was limited by the narrow framework of the degeneration hypothesis of those days. He had a sceptical attitude towards classification, which he regarded as artificial and dangerously pseudo-exact. His own classification was deliberately provisional, with very wide groups. He held that a description of various sub-forms of chronic insanity was useless, as it would mean nothing but a tiresome enumeration of unconnected details.

scholarly journals COLORADO TICK FEVER AND DENGUE

1946 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Florio ◽  
William McD. Hammon ◽  
Angela Laurent ◽  
Mabel O. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
Cross Immunity

Six human beings were inoculated with dengue and developed typical disease. Two of these were reinoculated and proved immune. The remaining four were later inoculated with Colorado tick fever. Three developed typical disease. The fourth, who remained well, has previously lived in an endemic area (Colorado). One patient was inoculated with Colorado tick fever first and later with dengue. He developed both diseases. Colorado tick fever and dengue do not give a cross-immunity. Hamsters can be infected with Colorado tick fever but not with dengue. Colorado tick fever and dengue appear to be distinct disease entities.

An Analysis of the Association of Gastroenteric Lesions with Chronic Wasting Syndrome of Marmosets

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Chalifoux ◽  
R. T. Bronson ◽  
A. Escajadillo ◽  
S. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Hyperplasia ◽  
Chronic Colitis ◽  
Saguinus Oedipus ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
Pathology Data ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Cell Atypia

Retrospective pathology data from necropsies of 162 marmosets, Saguinus oedipus, were studied to determine the nature of chronic wasting syndrome, a poorly defined entity associated with a high mortality rate in many marmoset colonies. Paraffin sections of the gastroenteric organs of 116 of these marmosets were re-examined in detail; lesions were identified, quantitated, and analyzed with a method of multiple chi-square testing for possible associations between findings. Five distinct disease entities were identified: prosthenorchosis, amebiasis, paramyxovirus disease, sepsis, and chronic colitis. Lesions of several of these often occurred in the same monkey, and all but the first were associated with cachexia. Lesions of chronic colitis were crypt abscesses, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear infiltration of the lamina propria, epithelial cell atypia, karyorrhexis, and lymphoid hyperplasia. The cause of chronic colitis was not identified, nor was any explanation found for weight loss and increased susceptibility to disease.

Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Grade II, Atypical Meningioma of the Skull Base

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Bray ◽  
Bryan E. Buster ◽  
Joseph W. Quillin ◽  
Robert H. Press ◽  
Bree R. Eaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Adjuvant Radiotherapy ◽  
Recurrence Rates ◽  
Time To Recurrence ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Atypical Meningiomas ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Initial Resection

Abstract Introduction Atypical meningiomas (AM) are meningiomas that are more aggressive than their grade-I counterparts and have a higher rate of recurrence. The effect of adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) on AM of the skull base is not defined. Methods A retrospective review of all AM's of the skull base primarily resected at our institution from 1996 to 2018 was completed. ART was defined as radiotherapy (RT) that occurred within 6 months of initial resection, regardless of Simpson's grade. Minimum time length of follow-up after resection was 2 years. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS. Results There were a total of 59 skull base–located (SBL) AMs resected at our institution from 1996 to 2018. The average age of our cohort was 53.2 years. Gross total resection, defined as Simpson's grades I to III resection, was achieved in 36 (61%) of cases. Thirty-five of 59 (59%) patients received ART. Recurrence was observed in 14 patients (24%), and mean time to recurrence was 63.8 months. Patients who received ART had a lower observed rate of recurrence (8 vs. 46%); however, time to recurrence was not significantly different between the two populations. Conclusion We observe that AM in the skull base location have higher recurrence rates than we would expect from grade-I meningioma. These data suggest that ART may offer benefit to the overall observed frequency of recurrence of SBL AM; however, the time to recurrence between patients who received ART and those who did not was not statistically significant in survival analysis.

Validity and Clinical Scale Comparisons between the MMPI and MMPI-2 with Psychiatric Inpatients

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudley David Blake ◽  
Phillip M. Kleespies ◽  
Walter E. Penk ◽  
Suellen S. Walsh ◽  
DeAnna L. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Clinical Scale ◽  
Acute Psychiatry ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

This study was designed to investigate the comparability of the original MMPI (1950) and the MMPI-2 (1989) with a psychiatric patient population. 34 male and 3 female patients, shortly after admission to one of two acute psychiatry units, completed the old and revised versions of the MMPI. Paired t tests indicated but scant differences for raw scores, while many more differences were found among T scores for validity, clinical, and supplemental scales. Analyses, however, showed all scales on the two forms to be highly correlated. Analysis of the high-point and two-point codes across the two administrations also showed relative stability, although the proportion of Scales 2 (Depression) and 8 (Schizophrenia) decreased, while those for Scales 6 (Paranoia) and 7 (Psychasthenia) increased markedly in the MMPI-2 protocols. Examination of each version's discriminability among mood- and thought-disordered subsamples suggested that the MMPI provides slightly better delineation between diagnostic classes. Discriminant function analyses showed that there were essentially no differences between the two forms in the accurate classification of clinical and nonclinical groups. The findings reported here provide support for the MMPI-2; despite modification, the newer form retains the advantages of the original MMPI. Differences found here may be unique to psychiatric patients and their patterns of MMPI/MMPI-2 equivalence and may not generalize to other special populations.

Psychotic and neurotic depression: discriminant function analysis and five-year outcome

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. M. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Case Record

SYNOPSISA consecutive series of 94 patients recently admitted to hospital from a defined catchment area and diagnosed as having a depressive illness were examined using standardized techniques for eliciting mental state, etc. The overlap between psychotic and neurotic diagnoses was 8·5% on discriminant function analysis of mental state items. A sub-sample of 71 patients was given a comprehensive postal and case record follow-up 5 years later. When patients developing organic and other complicating illnesses were excluded, those suffering from psychotic depression showed a significantly poorer outcome, as defined by relapse and required lengths of hospital care, than those diagnosed as suffering from neurotic depression.

scholarly journals Truss network based morphometric and meristic variations among south-western populations of Macrognathus aculeatus in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3(SI)) ◽  
pp. 887-894
Author(s):  
M. Sarower-E-Mahfuj ◽  
◽  
S.K. Das ◽  
K.N. Azad ◽  
A.K. Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Network System ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Macrognathus Aculeatus ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Separation Results ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Aim: Landmark-based truss network system was applied to examine the morphometric and meristic differences among four different populaces of Macrognathus aculeatus namely; Dhakuriabeel, Jashore (DBJ); Arial Kha River, Madaripur (AKRM); Nabaganga River, Jhenaidah (NRJ); Kopotakkha River, Jashore (KRJ) in Bangladesh. Methodology: Completely 80 samples of M. aculeatus were collected (20 individuals from each population) for this study. Six meristic characters, 6 morphometric characters and 15 truss-based morphometric characters were measured for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD post hoc test. Discriminant function analyses were also performed by using morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters to detect potential characters responsible for population separation. Results: Completely 80 samples of M. aculeatus were collected (20 individuals from each population) for this study. Six meristic characters, 6 morphometric characters and 15 truss-based morphometric characters were measured for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD post hoc test. Discriminant function analyses were also performed by using morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters to detect potential characters responsible for population separation. Interpretation: The baseline information derived from the present study would be useful for appropriate conservation of M. aculeatus populations as well as for the researchers for further investigation.

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