Psychosis, Neurosis and Epilepsy

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (579) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Flor-Henry
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Mammalian Evolution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
Foetal Life ◽  
Critical Phases

It is generally accepted that in mammalian evolution from rodents to primates, including man, aggressiveness, and more particularly intra-species aggression related to the assertion of dominance in the social hierarchy of the group, is a characteristic of the male (Gray, 1971). There is also an increasing body of evidence which shows that mammalian behaviour patterns are basically female and that male patterns are determined by the action of the sex hormone testosterone on neural structures during critical phases of intra-uterine development (Seymour Levine, 1966). Ounsted and Taylor (1972) have proposed that the X chromosome is sexually neutral, essentially equivalent to an autosome, and that its role in sexual differentiation lies in that it maintains ovarian function in the female. The Y chromosome is sex-determining by causing potential autosomal and X-coded information to become manifest in the phenotype. This is achieved in part by determining the development of foetal testosterone during a critical phase of foetal life. In the absence of testosterone the fundamental female morphology would be established in either sex.

Primary Genetic-Control of Sexual-Differentiation in Marsupials

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Shaw ◽  
MB Renfree ◽  
RV Short
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Processus Vaginalis ◽  
X Chromosomes

Marsupials, like eutherians, normally require the presence of a Y chromosome for testicular formation. However some sexually dimorphic characters such as the scrotum, mammary anlagen, gubernaculum and processus vaginalis appear to be under direct genetic rather than secondary hormonal control. Scrota1 development occurs where only a single X chromosome is functional, whilst two X chromosomes are necessary for pouch formation.

Modern forms of assistance to solve families difficult cases and their adolescent children

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Marzena Możdżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
Difficult Cases ◽  
Complex Activities

Abstract In recent decades, we observe a significant disorganization of family life, especially in the sphere of parental functions performed by unprepared for the role emotional, socially and economically young people. Lack of education, difficulties in finding work, and the lack of prospects for positive change are the main causes of their impoverishment and progressive degradation in the social hierarchy. Reaching young people at risk of social exclusion and provide them with comprehensive care, should be a priority of modern social work and educational work. In order to provide help this social group and cope with the adverse event created a lot of programs to support systemically start in life. An example would be presented in the article KARnet 15+ program as a form of complex activities of a person stimulating subjectivity, and allows you to modify support in individual cases

Evolution of a Y Chromosome from an X Chromosome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Bergero ◽  
Jim Gardner ◽  
Deborah Charlesworth
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome

Imperatives and commands in Japanese

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerida Jarkey
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
Contemporary Standard

This chapter examines the forms and usage of imperatives and command strategies in contemporary standard Japanese. Although commands are highly face-threatening acts in any language, speakers of Japanese encounter particular challenges in using them in socially acceptable ways. Commands are generally only given to those considered ‘below’ the speaker in the social hierarchy, and are normally considered appropriate only when used toward ‘in-group’ members. Further restrictions relate to the identity the speaker wishes to convey. Numerous command strategies have emerged to avoid using the most direct imperative forms, and some of these strategies have gradually come to be reinterpreted as imperative forms themselves, suggesting a loss of their original euphemistic qualities. Furthermore, when issuing commands, speakers often go to considerable lengths to soften the face threat, for example by giving reasons for the command, adding markers of hesitancy, or softening illocutionary particles, and using appropriate honorific language forms.

The Historical Development of Taverns, Inns, and Public Houses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Lane
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Imagination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Societal Context ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Home Consumption

This largely descriptive chapter introduces the reader to the specific features and functions of each type of hostelry and provides a broad-brush picture of their historical development, activities, ways they influenced each other, and importance in their role in out-of-home consumption of food, drink, and sociality. It outlines their social, economic, and political functions, and places them in their societal context. The pub was always the lowest in the social hierarchy among the three. Yet, it has been the longest survivor and has gradually taken over some of the functions formerly performed by inns and taverns. Inns and taverns, however, persist in the British social imagination and, where their buildings have survived, they lend distinction to a village or part of town. Both continuities and changes over time, as well as some overlap between the three hostelries, are described using examples of places and personalities.

Style et idéologie. De la version longue à la version brève de la Vie de Jean l’Aumônier, due à Léonce de Néapolis

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Pablo Cavallero
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Textual Tradition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Character

Abstract The changes in the short version of Leontios of Neapolis’ Life of John the Almsgiver are analyzed in order to evaluate their cause and to expose their literary character. It is shown that the saint’s oaths are suppressed due to a misunderstanding of a passage in the Prologue, and by respect of the Evangelical commandment. The short version also eliminates pagan concepts of fortune, emphasises the social hierarchy, the accordance between words and thoughts, the action of God as a cause of miracles, and avoids to name God as a reason. The short version raises the stylistical level of the text using the methods of the Metaphrast which is common in the 10th century. The textual tradition also allows to date it into this century. The long version is surely the original text, and the changes made to it show a cultural change between the 7th and 10th centuries.

scholarly journals Recombination between the mouse Y chromosome short arm and an additional Y short arm-derived chromosomal segment attached distal to the X chromosome PAR

Chromosoma ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188
Author(s):  
Fanny Decarpentrie ◽  
Obah A. Ojarikre ◽  
Michael J. Mitchell ◽  
Paul S. Burgoyne
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosomal Segment

The Social Hierarchy in Ring Doves

Ecology ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ring Doves

The Linguistic Ecology of the Sahel

2021 ◽  
pp. 648-666
Author(s):  
Fiona Mc Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Writing Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Repertoire ◽  
Literary Arabic

The topic of this chapter is the linguistic ecology of multilingualism in the Sahel. Based on the premise that named languages are social and often colonial constructs, the chapter focuses on the speaker-centered notion of linguistic repertoire and the ways in which Sahelians use their linguistic resources. French and standard or literary Arabic are important languages in the Sahel, and they reflect strong regimes of language that are reinforced through education, both secular and Quranic. Communication in the multilingual Sahel is facilitated by indigenous languages that have become local or regional lingua francas. There are a number of writing practices generally overlooked in official statistics on literacy, including the use of the Arabic and other scripts to write indigenous languages. Orality is widely valued, and mastery of eloquent language has resulted in the differentiation of a caste of verbal artists or griots within the social hierarchy.

Roles of Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) and its duplicates in sex determination and germ cell proliferation of Nile tilapia

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyong Liu ◽  
Shengfei Dai ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Xueyan Wei ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Germ Cell Proliferation

Abstract Duplicates of amh are crucial for fish sex determination and differentiation. In Nile tilapia, unlike in other teleosts, amh is located on X chromosome. The Y chromosome amh (amh△-y) is mutated with 5 bp insertion and 233 bp deletion in the coding sequence, and tandem duplicate of amh on Y chromosome (amhy) has been identified as the sex determiner. However, the expression of amh, amh△-y and amhy, their roles in germ cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism of how amhy determines sex is still unclear. In this study, expression and functions of each duplicate were analyzed. Sex reversal occurred only when amhy was mutated as revealed by single, double and triple mutation of the three duplicates in XY fish. Homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish also resulted in sex reversal. Earlier and higher expression of amhy/Amhy was observed in XY gonads compared with amh/Amh during sex determination. Amhy could inhibit the transcription of cyp19a1a through Amhr2/Smads signaling. Loss of cyp19a1a rescued the sex reversal phenotype in XY fish with amhy mutation. Interestingly, mutation of both amh and amhy in XY fish or homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish resulted in infertile females with significantly increased germ cell proliferation. Taken together, these results indicated that up-regulation of amhy during the critical period of sex determination makes it the sex-determining gene, and it functions through repressing cyp19a1a expression via Amhr2/Smads signaling pathway. Amh retained its function in controlling germ cell proliferation as reported in other teleosts, while amh△-y was nonfunctionalized.

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