A Further Study of the Effects of Serum from Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rat

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (473) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. German ◽  
R. N. Antebi ◽  
E. M. A. Dear ◽  
C. McCance
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Cutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Evoked Cortical Potentials ◽  
Cortical Potentials

In 1963, one of us reported that serum from schizophrenic patients, applied topically to the cerebral cortex of the rat, produced a large increase in the amplitude of the electrical response evoked in the cortex by cutaneous stimulation (German, 1963). This effect was not observed when serum from non-schizophrenic control subjects was used.

Effects of Serum from Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (462) ◽  
pp. 616-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. German
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Evoked Cortical Potentials ◽  
Cortical Potentials

Many experiments have been reported suggesting that the serum of schizophrenic patients differs in some way from the serum of non-schizophrenic subjects, either in respect of some specific constituent or of the alterations in function which it can produce when added to various biological systems (Heath, 1957; Walaszek, 1960; Bergen, Koella, Czicman and Hoagland, 1961). These reports suggest that schizophrenia is a pathological mental condition resulting from some disorder of metabolism or of biochemical processes, and it would be logical to expect that this disorder would be most manifest as a disturbance of the neurological activity in the cerebrum—perhaps more specifically in the cerebral cortex—since the clinical picture in schizophrenia is primarily one of gross derangement of the processes of perception, attention and thinking.

Effect of Serum from Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rat

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (473) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stenhouse ◽  
R. Antebi ◽  
E. M. A. Dear ◽  
R. N. Herrington ◽  
C. McCance
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Sensory Area ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Evoked Cortical Potentials ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Cortical Potentials

German (1961, 1963) reported that serum from schizophrenic patients, in contrast to that from normal individuals and non-schizophrenic patients, when applied topically to the rat cerebral cortex, increased the amplitude of potentials evoked in the somato-sensory area by stimulation of the contralateral forepaw. Furthermore, similar changes were found when urine extracts were tested in the same manner (German and Kemali, 1963; Kemali, 1964).

Stable Abnormalities in the Lateralisation of early Cortical Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Schizophrenic Patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Cooper ◽  
H. Andrews ◽  
C. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Tactile Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Evoked Cortical Potentials ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Cortical Potentials

SummaryDuring the investigation of somatosensory evoked cortical potentials arising from a complex vibro-tactile stimulus to the forefingers, an abnormal lack of lateralisation of response was found in 10 out of 21 schizophrenic patients. Eight patients with severe affective illness all had the expected degree of lateralisation of cortical potentials, as did 12 out of 15 normals. Three normals and 3 schizophrenic patients had a loss of lateralisation of the evoked response on stimulation of one hand but a normal lateralisation on stimulation of the other. The considerable technical problems of this and related techniques are discussed, but it is suggested that further exploration of this technique is justified. At this stage, no conclusion can be drawn about the cause of the abnormalities.

scholarly journals Altered Glutathione Redox State in Schizophrenia

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey K. Yao ◽  
Sherry Leonard ◽  
Ravinder Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Positive Correlations

Altered antioxidant status has been reported in schizophrenia. The glutathione (GSH) redox system is important for reducing oxidative stress. GSH, a radical scavenger, is converted to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) through glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and converted back to GSH by glutathione reductase (GR). Measurements of GSH, GSSG and its related enzymatic reactions are thus important for evaluating the redox and antioxidant status. In the present study, levels of GSH, GSSG, GPx and GR were assessed in the caudate region of postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients and control subjects (with and without other psychiatric disorders). Significantly lower levels of GSH, GPx, and GR were found in schizophrenic group than in control groups without any psychiatric disorders. Concomitantly, a decreased GSH:GSSG ratio was also found in schizophrenic group. Moreover, both GSSG and GR levels were significantly and inversely correlated to age of schizophrenic patients, but not control subjects. No significant differences were found in any GSH redox measures between control subjects and individuals with other types of psychiatric disorders. There were, however, positive correlations between GSH and GPx, GSH and GR, as well as GPx and GR levels in control subjects without psychiatric disorders. These positive correlations suggest a dynamic state is kept in check during the redox coupling under normal conditions. By contrast, lack of such correlations in schizophrenia point to a disturbance of redox coupling mechanisms in the antioxidant defense system, possibly resulting from a decreased level of GSH as well as age-related decreases of GSSG and GR activities.

Life Events and Schizophrenia in Nigerians

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oye Gureje ◽  
A. Adewunmi
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Male Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Family ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Event Histories

Forty-two first-episode RDC schizophrenic patients were matched on sociodemographic variables with an equal number of control subjects. The life-event histories of both groups for 6 months before onset or interview were compared. Onset of illness was not preceded by an increase in life events. The only significant observation was that control subjects had experienced more events in the month previous to interview. These were reported mainly by male control subjects, involved the family, and were possibly related to the period when the control subjects were interviewed. The observations are discussed within the context of the Nigerian culture.

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