A Clinical Investigation of Chronic Schizophrenia

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (434) ◽  
pp. 34-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Fish
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Geriatric Ward ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics

A detailed scheme of classification of schizophrenia has been produced by Professor K. Kleist and elaborated by Professor K. Leonhard (Kleist, 1943, 1949; Kleist et al., 1950, 1951; Kleist and Schwab, 1951; Leonhard, 1936, 1957; Schwab, 1949). The validity of this scheme has been established by other investigators (Schneider, 1955; Schulte-von der Stein, 1955). An English summary of the Kleist-Leonhard scheme has recently been published (Fish, 1957). In 1955 an attempt to classify the chronic schizophrenics in the Female Division of St. Nicholas Hospital, Gosforth, according to the Kleist-Leonhard scheme was begun. By means of reading the case notes, enquiring from the medical and nursing staff and short clinical interviews it was provisionally concluded that there were 243 chronic schizophrenics in the female division with an illness of more than 10 years' duration. These patients were investigated clinically, but by the time the author took up his present appointment only 107 cases had been seen. An attempt was made, however, to investigate approximately the same proportion of patients from each ward of the female division with the exception of the geriatric ward. This series seemed to be a fairly representative sample of the chronic female schizophrenics.

Noradrenergic Overactivity in Chronic Schizophrenia: Evidence Based on Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenaline and Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations

1980 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. C. R. Gomes ◽  
B. C. Shanley ◽  
L. Potgieter ◽  
J. T. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotides ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid

SummaryConcentrations of noradrenaline (NA), homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and cyclic nucleotides were determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from acute and chronic schizophrenics and various groups of psychiatric and non-psychiatric control subjects. Statistically significant increases in NA and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were found in CSF from chronic schizophrenics compared to all other groups. These results were shown by statistical analyses to be unrelated to medication. They may be interpreted as evidence for noradrenergic overactivity as a possible primary abnormality in chronic schizophrenia.

Sleep Stage Deficits in Chronic Schizophrenia

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur C. Traub
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Delta Sleep

Evidence for the importance of delta sleep is reviewed, and the hypothesis tested that marked deficits in these sleep stages are characteristic of chronic schizophrenics. The sleep patterns of 9 chronic schizophrenics were monitored for 8 consecutive nights by means of continuous all-night EEG, eye and chin-muscle recordings. The main finding was that all Ss showed dramatic and stable deficits in delta sleep stages 3 and 4. The role of factors other than chronic schizophrenia producing this finding is discussed.

Reaction Time and Normetanephrine-Metanephrine Excretion under Intense Stimulation in Chronic Schizophrenics, Non-Psychotics, and Normals

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-586
Author(s):  
Marshall P. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Biochemical Change ◽  
Biochemical Response ◽  
Behavioral Deficit ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
Reaction Time Performance ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization ◽  
Intense Stimulation

Differential predictions stemming from opposing arousal theories of chronic schizophrenia were examined in terms of reaction time performance and metanephrine-normetanephrine excretion in arousing situations. It was found that schizophrenics and non-psychotics both manifested behavioral deficit; schizophrenics' normetanephrine level was lower than that of other groups; reactivity of schizophrenics and normals, both behavioral and biochemical, was similar; non-psychotics demonstrated a tendency toward no behavioral reactivity to intense stimulation but manifested a biochemical response not different from other groups. A theoretical conceptualization of behavioral and biochemical change in response to increasingly intense stimulation was developed utilizing two hypothesized cumulative reactivity functions.

scholarly journals Classification of Genus Acanthopanax in Korea and Genetic Diversity Using Allozymes

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Huh ◽  
H. W. Huh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Sizes

Abstract Genus Acanthopanax is a long-lived woody species that is primarily distributed throughout Asia. Many species of this genus are regarded as medically and ecologically important. We evaluated a representative sample of the nine taxa with allozymes to estimate genetic relationships within the genus. As some Korean populations were isolated and patchily distributed, they exhibited a low level of genetic diversity. The narrow geographic ranges, artificial distribution of habitats, and small population sizes are proposed as factors contributing to low genetic diversity. Acanthopanax seoulense was similar to A. sessiliflorus, while a cluster of the A. rufinerve population is distant from any other species. A. senticosus is closely related to A. seoulense and A. sessiliflorus, whereas other species (A. koreanum) are more distinct from the Korean populations. Korean species are clustered together and clearly differentiated from the Chinese and Russian Acanthopanax taxa, genus Acanthopanax

Thioproperazine in Chronic Schizophrenia

1964 ◽  
Vol 110 (467) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hordern ◽  
A. King ◽  
N. F. Holt ◽  
J. Collins ◽  
J. Toussaint
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Therapeutic Problem

Despite the advent of the stimulant phenothiazines—effective, sometimes, when older dimethyl compounds fail—a proportion of chronic schizophrenics continue to resist treatment with both types of drug, and also fail to respond to intensive nursing regimes designed to combat the effects of institutionalization. These patients constitute a major therapeutic problem.

Cerebral Ventricular Enlargement in Chronic Schizophrenia: Consistencies and Contradictions

1987 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Farmer ◽  
R. Jackson ◽  
P. McGuffin ◽  
P. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paranoid Symptoms ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
First Rank Symptoms

A study of cerebral ventricular size measured as ventricle to brain ratio (VBR) using computerised tomographic brain scan in chronic schizophrenics provided no support for suggestions that there are significant differences between patients who fall into different clinical subtypes. We found no significant difference in VBR between patients with and without a family history of schizophrenia or between those with or without paranoid symptoms. Applying Crow's classification, contrary to expectations, Type 1 patients had significantly larger ventricles than those with ‘mixed’ symptomatology (both Type 1 and Type 2 features). We also applied a variety of operational criteria which attempt to define schizophrenia as a whole: of these only Schneider's first-rank symptoms (FRS) yielded conclusive results - FRS-positive patients had significantly larger mean VBR than those without such symptoms. Previously, it has been suggested that ventricular enlargement is more closely associated with ‘negative’ than with ‘positive’ symptoms.

New Drugs for Mania?

1983 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlev von Zerssen ◽  
Hinderk M. Emrich
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Manic Patients

D. H. Myers et al (Journal, 1981, 139, 118–21) reported negative results of a double-blind investigation of propranolol (up to 1,920 mg per day for up to several months) as an adjunct to conventional neuroleptic treatment in 10 therapy-resistant chronic schizophrenics (compared with 10 control patients under placebo in addition to neuroleptic medication). They concluded with Gardos et al (1973) that the “failure to find propranolol effective in chronic schizophrenia does not cast doubt on its possible effectiveness in acute psychoses.” Our own experience of the short-term treatment of acute psychoses with propranolol and/or oxprenolol in high doses was unsuccessful in three schizophrenics and affected only the manic symptomatology in four out of six patients with schizoaffective psychoses (cf. von Zerssen, 1976; Table I). In two of these patients paranoid delusions even intensified during medication. In two separate drug trials there was a definite improvement in four out of six manic patients treated with propranolol (up to 2,300 mg/day). Therapeutic failures were restricted to incomplete trials (medication of less than 1 g/day or of less than one week's duration).

The Inpatient Behavioral Rating Scale: A 26-Item Scale for Recording Nursing Observations of Patients' Mood and Behavior

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Green ◽  
Llewellyn Bigelow ◽  
Paul O'Brien ◽  
Deborah Stahl ◽  
Richard J. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Behavioral Rating ◽  
Optical Scan ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Item Scale

The Inpatient Behavioral Rating Scale is an inventory designed to record daily nursing observations of mood and behavior of patients in a clinical setting. It has 26 items characterizing a broad range of psychopathology and is suitable for use where change in mood and behavior is relevant to clinical investigation. The format is an optical scan sheet for ease of computer entry and analysis. In over a year of use on two clinical research wards, the scale has been found sensitive to behavioral change, reliable, and easy to use by the nursing staff.

Memory and dating of past events in schizophrenia

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNALENA VENNERI ◽  
ANGELA BARTOLO ◽  
SARAH McCRIMMON ◽  
DAVID ST. CLAIR
Keyword(s):  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Remote Memory ◽  
Distinctive Pattern ◽  
Public Event ◽  
Temporal Gradient ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Onset

Memory deficits are frequently observed in schizophrenia but their intrinsic characteristics have not been clarified. We studied remote memory in a group of 20 schizophrenics and 20 healthy age and education matched controls using a newly devised public event questionnaire (PEQ) that employs a free recall, progressive cueing and recognition protocol and requires dating of events. Results indicate that patients with chronic schizophrenia perform significantly more poorly on the PEQ than a group of age and education matched controls both in terms of content and dating of events. The number of events recalled does not improve with progressive cuing or recognition. No distinctive pattern was observed in their temporal gradient. There was no significant difference in content scores for pre- and post-onset events in the schizophrenics. These findings indicate that remote memory deficits in chronic schizophrenics arise from deficient encoding rather than from a retrieval deficit secondary to executive dysfunction. (JINS, 2002, 8, 861–866.)

Dementia and ‘borderline dementia’ in Britain: 8-year incidence and post-screening outcomes

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Clarke ◽  
K. Morgan ◽  
J. Lilley ◽  
T. Arie ◽  
R. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Death Certificates ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Age And Sex

SynopsisSurvivors from a nationally representative sample of elderly people originally screened in 1985 were reassessed in 1989 and again in 1993. On each occasion respondents were rated as cognitively impaired, borderline impaired or unimpaired (using a brief information/orientation scale), with the validity of these ratings assessed in subsequent clinical interviews. Where follow-up screening was not possible, information was derived from death certificates and hospital case-notes. Over 8 years (1985–93) the overall incidence rate per person–year at risk was 1·58%, giving age-specific rates of 0·72, 1·32, 1·63, 3·46, 2·55 and 1·41% for the age groups 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, 80–84, 85–89 and ≥ 90 respectively. Of 43 individuals classified at screening as borderline impaired in 1985 and 1989, 19 were diagnosed as demented at clinical interviews conducted within 16 weeks of screening. Four-year follow-ups among the remaining 24 showed that 15 had died, while 6 showed a worsened cognitive status. Controlling for both age and sex, aggregated 4-year mortality was significantly higher among those defined at screening in 1985 and 1989 as either impaired or borderline, when compared with the unimpaired.

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