scholarly journals Substance use determinants in Jamaican under-25s: family, peers, spirituality and maltreatment (literature review)

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S286-S287
Author(s):  
Oliver Sargent ◽  
Mayeh Omar
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
University Environment ◽  
Illicit Substance Use

AimsJamaica is undergoing rapid change in its attitudes and laws regarding substance use; understanding the reasons why under-25s use substances will help inform future interventions and policy decisions. This review will investigate the determinants of substance use in under-25s in Jamaica, aiming to identify key sub-groups to target with interventions, and propose topics for further research.MethodA literature search was performed with Ovid on three databases, using wildcards and synonyms to increase the number of hits. This search produced 379 results, of which 41 remained after inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied. Additional sources were utilised as the review was written.ResultStrong family relationships are protective against illicit substance use for under-25s, with conflicting results for licit substance use. Healthy peer relationships protect against substance use, particularly in the academically-stressful university environment. All Jamaican under-25s appear to be susceptible to peer pressure, which increases the likelihood of substance use. Spirituality is protective against substance use, although male Rastafarians are more likely to use cannabis. Certain forms of childhood maltreatment make use of particular substances more likely. University students and under-18s brought up in single-parent families are key sub-groups to target with interventions. Further research on mechanisms by which these determinants work, particular religions and which determinant has the greatest effect is recommended.ConclusionVarious factors can protect against or predispose substance use in Jamaican under-25s. This review, and future research, can help inform policy decisions and intervention design for the key sub-groups found.

Linking Peer Relationships to Substance Use Across Adolescence

2015 ◽  
pp. 388-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Rulison ◽  
Megan E. Patrick ◽  
Jennifer Maggs
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions

The development of substance use during adolescence occurs against a backdrop of considerable changes in the social context, but these simultaneous changes alone are not conclusive evidence of a strong causal link between peers and drug use. Clarifying how peers shape the development of substance use is difficult because researchers often do not distinguish between different peer relationships (e.g., friendships, groups, networks), different social processes within these relationships (e.g., direct peer pressure, normative regulation, modeling), or adolescents’ own social motives and perceptions. The chapter discusses how peer relationships change across adolescence, how social processes within different relationships might contribute to substance use, and the methodological challenges that researchers face when documenting these contributions. The chapter also highlights how studies could better match the complexity of research questions about peer influence with appropriate data collection and analytic strategies.

Motivations to decrease and cease substance use in third-level students: A scoping review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
eadaoin whelan ◽  
Samantha Dockray ◽  
Samantha Dick ◽  
Martin Davoren ◽  
Ciara Heavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Illicit Substance ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Student Motivations

Background: Illicit substance use by third-level students is associated with depressive symptoms, health risk, relationship strain, and legal ramifications. Prevention and intervention programmes have often been grounded in information exchange, aimed at education of students about the associated risks. However, these interventions produce only small to moderate effect sizes in promoting reduction or cessation of substance use in third-level students. Understanding what motivates third-level students to change their substance use behaviour is essential in the planning of effective behaviour change programmes. The aim of this scoping review was to determine factors that relate to student motivations to reduce or stop their illicit use of substances, and to increase understanding of the factors that may be pertinent in behaviour change interventions for substance use in this population. Method: We searched 8 databases in August 2018 using search terms based on ‘students’, ‘illicit substance use’, and ‘motivations’. We identified 86 research articles that reported on third-level students’ illicit substance use, and included reasons or motives for their usage. Results: After full-text screening, only three studies were eligible for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis. The majority of studies were excluded as they described motives for abstention, but did not describe motivation for reducing or stopping current patterns of use of illicit substances. Conclusion: Few efforts have been made to identify motivations of third-level students to decrease or cease substance use. Promising avenues for future research on motivations to change in relation to substance use include the social contextual factors, perceptions of effects on social relationships, and actions of friends and family members to prompt contemplations of change.

scholarly journals A qualitative study to understand drivers of psychoactive substance use among Nepalese youth

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259021
Author(s):  
Tulsi Ram Bhandari ◽  
Bhushan Khatiwada ◽  
Bibika Rajbhandari ◽  
Amy Bestman ◽  
Sabuj Kanti Mistry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use

Background Psychoactive substance use among youth is an emerging public health issue in Nepal. This exploratory study aimed to better understand the drivers of psychoactive substance use among Nepalese youth in Rupandehi district of Nepal. Materials and methods This study used a qualitative approach for data collection. Both in-depth interviews (IDI, seven participants) and focus group discussions (FGD, 13 participants) were conducted among study participants who self-reported as psychoactive substance users or had history of psychoactive substance use. Participants for IDI were aged between 11 and 24 years and between 18 and 35 years old for FGDs. Semi-structured interview guides were prepared separately for IDIs and FDGs. Interviews were conducted in Nepali language and were audio recorded, which were there transcribed and translated into English for coding and analyses. In addition, interviews notes were taken by two research assistants. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results This study identified a range of drivers of psychoactive substances use among Nepalese youths. Themes included (i) socio-cultural factors, (ii) individual factors, (iii) academic environment, (iv) physical environment and the (v) influence of media. The socio-cultural factors were categorized into sub-themes of family relationships, ethnic identity and psychoactive substance use and lack of social acceptance. Individual factors included peer pressure, stress relief and coping with financial challenges. Accessibility and availability of psychoactive substances in the surrounding environment and lack of monitoring and reinforcement of rules/ law and regulations were other drivers to psychoactive substance use among this Nepalese youth cohort. Conclusion Our study identified several important drivers of psychoactive substance use among youth in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Future works are anticipated to further explore youth initiation and use of psychoactive substances and support the design of interventions that address these risk factors to reduce and prevent subsequent harms.

College Student Drug Prevention: A Review of Individually-Oriented Prevention Strategies

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Larimer ◽  
Jason R. Kilmer ◽  
Christine M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Alcohol Prevention ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
School Based ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Barriers To Implementation

The current paper highlights the college years as a risk period for development, continuation, and escalation of illicit substance use and substance use disorders and reviews the literature related to the prevention and treatment of these disorders in college populations. Despite widespread implementation of college drug prevention programs, a review of the literature reveals few controlled trials targeting this population. However, alcohol prevention has been extensively studied, and many efficacious interventions for college drinking share theoretical and methodological underpinnings with interventions shown to be efficacious in drug prevention and treatment with other populations (i.e., school-based prevention, adolescent and adult drug treatment). These interventions could be adapted to target drug prevention on college campuses. Barriers to implementation and evaluation of these interventions on campus are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research and programmatic directions.

Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Early Adult Substance Use

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Elwyn ◽  
Carolyn A. Smith ◽  
Timothy O. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment

Parenting, Religion, and Moral Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 178-196
Author(s):  
Sam A. Hardy ◽  
David C. Dollahite ◽  
Chayce R. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adolescent Religiosity ◽  
Faith Traditions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Role Of Religion

The purpose of this chapter is to review research on the role of religion in moral development within the family. We first present a model of the processes involved. Parent or family religiosity is the most distal predictor and affects moral development through its influence on parenting as well as child or adolescent religiosity. Additionally, parenting affects moral development directly, but also through its influence on child or adolescent religiosity. In other words, parent or family religiosity dynamically interconnects with parenting styles and practices, and with family relationships, and these in turn influence moral development directly as well as through child or adolescent religiosity. We also discuss how these processes might vary across faith traditions and cultures, and point to directions for future research.

Does the Presence of On-Site Medical Services at Outdoor Music Festivals Affect Attendees’ Planned Alcohol and Recreational Drug Use?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Alison Hutton ◽  
Matthew Brendan Munn ◽  
Sydney White ◽  
Peter Kara ◽  
Jamie Ranse
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recreational Drug ◽  
Recreational Drugs ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Recreational Drug Use

Abstract Background: Dedicated on-site medical services have long been recommended to improve health outcomes at mass-gathering events (MGEs). In many countries, they are being reviewed as a mandatory requirement. While it is known that perceptions of risk shape substance use plans amongst outdoor music festival (OMF) attendees, it is unclear if attendees perceive the presence of on-site medical services as a part of the safety net. The aim of this paper is to better understand whether attendees’ perceptions of on-site medical services influence high-risk behaviors like alcohol and recreational drug use at OMFs. Method: A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of attendees entering and attending two separate 20,000-person OMFs; one in Canada (Festival A) and one in New Zealand (Festival B). Responses focused on demographics, planned alcohol and recreational drug use, perceptions of medical services, and whether the absence of medical services would impact attendees’ planned substance use. Results: A total of 851 (587 and 264 attendees for Festival A and Festival B, respectively) attendees consented and participated. Gender distribution was equal and average ages were 23 to 25. At Festival A, 48% and 89% planned to use alcohol and recreational drugs, respectively, whereas at Festival B, it was 92% and 44%. A great majority were aware and supportive of the presence of medical services at both festivals, and a moderate number considered them a factor in attendance and something they would not attend without. There was significant (>10%) agreement (range 11%-46%; or 2,200-9,200 attendees for a 20,000-person festival) at both festivals that the absence of medical services would affect attendees’ planned use of alcohol and recreational drugs. Conclusions: This study found that attendees surveyed at two geographically and musically distinct OMFs had high but differing rates of planned alcohol and recreational drug use, and that the presence of on-site medical services may impact attendees’ perceptions of substance use risk. Future research will aim to address the limitations of this study to clarify these findings and their implications.

scholarly journals Going virtual: youth attitudes toward and experiences of virtual mental health and substance use services during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa D. Hawke ◽  
Natasha Y. Sheikhan ◽  
Karen MacCon ◽  
Joanna Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Youth Mental Health ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Substance Use Services ◽  
Youth Attitudes ◽  
Virtual Services

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, youth mental health and substance use services rapidly moved to virtual modalities to meet social distancing requirements. It is important to understand youth attitudes toward and experience of virtual services. Objective This study examined the attitudes toward and experiences of virtual mental health and substance use services among youth drawn from clinical and non-clinical samples. Method Four hundred nine youth completed a survey including questions about their attitudes toward and experience of virtual services. The survey included quantitative and open-ended questions on virtual care, as well as a mental health and substance use screener. Results The majority of youth with mental health or substance use challenges would be willing to consider individual virtual services, but fewer would consider group virtual services. However, many have not received virtual services. Youth are interested in accessing a wide variety of virtual services and other supportive wellness services. Advantages and disadvantages of virtual services are discussed, including accessibility benefits and technological barriers. Discussion As youth mental health and substance use services have rapidly gone virtual during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential that we hear the perspectives of youth to promote service utilization among those in need. Diverse, accessible, technologically stable virtual services are required to meet the needs of different youth, possibly with in-person options for some youth. Future research, engaging youth in the research process, is needed to evaluate the efficacy of virtual services to plan for the sustainability of some virtual service gains beyond the pandemic period.

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