scholarly journals Exploring the relationship between auditory hallucinations, trauma and dissociation

BJPsych Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Wearne ◽  
Guy J. Curtis ◽  
Peter Melvill-Smith ◽  
Kenneth G. Orr ◽  
Annette Mackereth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Subscale Score ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Trauma History ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Symptom Rating ◽  
Trauma Histories

Background It is clinically imperative to better understand the relationship between trauma, auditory hallucinations and dissociation. The personal narrative of trauma has enormous significance for each individual and is also important for the clinician, who must use this information to decide on a diagnosis and treatment approach. Aims To better understand whether dissociation contributes in a significant way to hallucinations in individuals with and without trauma histories. Method Three groups of participants with auditory hallucinations were recruited, with diagnoses of: schizophrenia (without trauma) (n = 18), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 27) and comorbid schizophrenia and PTSD (SCZ+PTSD), n = 26). Clinician-administered measures included the PTSD Symptoms Scale Interview (PSSI-5), the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS) and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS). Results Dissociative symptoms were significantly higher in participants with trauma histories (PTSD and SCZ+PTSD groups) and significantly correlated with hallucinations in trauma-exposed participants, but not in participants with schizophrenia (without trauma history). Hallucination severity was correlated with the CADSS amnesia subscale score, but depersonalisation and derealisation were not. Conclusions Dissociation may be a mechanism in trauma-exposed individuals who hear voices, but it does not explain all hallucinatory experiences. The SCZ+PTSD group were in an intermediary position between schizophrenia and PTSD on dissociative and hallucination measures. The PTSD and SCZ+PTSD groups experienced dissociative phenomena much more frequently than the schizophrenia group, with a significant trend towards the amnesia subtype of dissociation.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Rumination in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Egan ◽  
Mary Hattaway ◽  
Robert T. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Concern Over Mistakes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Mediator

Background: To date no research has investigated the link between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and perfectionism in a clinical sample. Aims: The aim of the current study was to examine whether there is a relationship between PTSD and perfectionism. This is important to address as many studies have demonstrated a link between other anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression and perfectionism. The research also aimed to examine whether rumination was a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and perfectionism. Method: The sample consisted of 30 participants who were currently in treatment for PTSD. Results: The results suggest that perfectionism and PTSD symptoms were significantly correlated. In addition, rumination was a significant mediator of the relationship between Concern over Mistakes and PTSD. Conclusions: These findings help increase understanding about the relationships of perfectionism and rumination in PTSD and have implications for the treatment of PTSD.

scholarly journals Relevance of Traumatic Events and Routine Stressors at Work and PTSD Symptoms on Emergency Nurses

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6050
Author(s):  
Manuel Campillo-Cruz ◽  
José Luís González-Gutiérrez ◽  
Juan Ardoy-Cuadros
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Emergency Nurses ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

Emergency nurses are exposed daily to numerous stressful situations that can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study examined the relationship between traumatic events, routine stressors linked to trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in emergency nurses. For this purpose, a sample of 147 emergency nurses completed the Traumatic and Routine Stressors Scale on Emergency Nurses (TRSS-EN) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS-5). Results of correlations and moderate multiple regression analyses showed that the emotional impact of routine stressors was associated with a greater number of PTSD symptoms, and, apparently, to greater severity, in comparison to the emotional impact of traumatic events. Furthermore, the emotional impact of traumatic events acts as a moderator, changing the relationship between the emotional impact of routine stressors and PTSD symptoms, in the sense that the bigger the emotional impact of traumatic events, the bigger the relationship between the emotional impact of routine stressors and PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that the exposure to routine work-related stressors, in a context characterized by the presence of traumatic events may make emergency nurses particularly vulnerable to post-traumatic stress reactions. Some prevention measures are suggested according to the results of the study.

Facing the fear: resilience and social support in veterans and civilians with PTSD

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Charlotte Louise Wall ◽  
Michelle Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ptsd Checklist ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Adult Resilience ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of resilience and social support on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 121 veterans (n = 56) and civilians (n = 65). Design/methodology/approach Gender, age and marital status were collected, along with occupation for civilians and the unit served with, rank, length of time deployed, overall months active and location for veterans. The trauma experiences scale for civilians, the PTSD checklist for civilian and military, Resilience Research Centre’s Adult Resilience Measure-28, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Deployment Risk and Resiliency Inventory-2 scales were used. Findings The results revealed for both samples, resilience and social support (except unit support for veterans) impacted PTSD symptoms. However, social support did not mediate the relationship between resilience and PTSD. Practical implications Implications for policy and practice were discussed. Originality/value The originality of this research stems from the incorporation of both a civilian and military sample by comparing their levels of PTSD, resilience and social support.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress disorder and resilience among adult burn patients in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhtar Bibi ◽  
Sundas Kalim ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the major psychological disorders developed after burn injuries, though this subject of burn injuries and their destructive chronic psychological impact are not considered as thoughtfully in developing countries like Pakistan. Hence, the current study investigated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and resilience among burn patients in Pakistan, exploring the variance occurrence of the two variables concerning male burn patients and female burn patients. Methods Seventy burn patients from three burn units of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, during January 2015 to September 2015 were recruited. Patients with psychiatric disorder which would restrict the study procedures were excluded from the study. PTSD symptoms of burn patients were measured by PTSD CheckList-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and resilience was measured by Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Spearman’s Rank-Order correlation was used to analyze the relationship between symptoms of PTSD and resilience in burn patients, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to analyze the gender difference in symptoms of PTSD and level of resilience. Results Negative correlation between PTSD and resilience among burn patients was found (r = − 0.72, p < 0.001). Moreover, significant gender differences were observed on PTSD symptoms and resilience between male and female burn patients when demographic variables such as age, socioeconomic status, marital status, and educational background were controlled. Female burn patients showed more PTSD symptoms (η2 = 0.18, p < 0.001) and less resilience (η2 = 0.25, p < 0.001) when compared to male burn patients. Conclusions PTSD and resilience were negatively correlated in burn patients. Female burn patients have more PTSD symptoms and lower resilience compared to male burn patients.

Psychotic experiences and PTSD: exploring associations in a population survey

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 2849-2859 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alsawy ◽  
L. Wood ◽  
P. J. Taylor ◽  
A. P. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Lifetime Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundExtensive evidence has shown that experiencing a traumatic event and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with experiences of psychosis. However, less is known about specific PTSD symptoms and their relationship with psychotic experiences. This study aimed to examine the relationship between symptoms of PTSD with paranoia and auditory hallucinations in a large-scale sample.MethodThe Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) was utilized to examine the prevalence of lifetime trauma, symptoms of PTSD, and experiences of paranoia and auditory hallucinations (n= 7403).ResultsThere were significant bivariate associations between symptoms of PTSD and psychotic experiences. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that reliving and arousal symptoms were significant predictors for paranoia while reliving, but not arousal symptoms, also significantly predicted auditory hallucinations. A dose-response relationship was found, the greater the number of PTSD symptoms, the greater the odds were of experiencing both paranoia and hallucinations.ConclusionsThese findings illustrate that symptoms of PTSD are associated with increased odds of experiencing auditory hallucinations and paranoia. Overlaps appear to be present between the symptoms of PTSD and psychotic experiences. Increasing awareness of this association may advance work in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Resilience mediates the relationship between social support and post-traumatic stress symptoms in police officers

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. McCanlies, PhD ◽  
Ja Kook Gu, MPH ◽  
Michael E. Andrew, PhD ◽  
Cecil M. Burchfiel, PhD ◽  
John M. Violanti, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Police officers in the New Orleans geographic area faced a number of challenges following Hurricane Katrina in 2005.Design: This cross-sectional study examined gratitude, resilience, and satisfaction with life as mediators in the association between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 82 male and 31 female police officers. The Gratitude Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List were used to measure gratitude, resilience, satisfaction with life, and social support, respectively. PTSD symptoms were measured using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C). Ordinary least square regression mediation analysis was used to estimate direct and indirect effects among gratitude, resilience, satisfaction with life, social support, and PTSD symptoms. All models were adjusted for age, alcohol, race, and previous military experience.Results: Mean PCL-C symptoms were 29.1 (standard deviation [SD] = 14.4) for females and 27.9 (SD = 12.1) for males. There was no direct relationship between social support and PTSD symptoms (c9 = −0.041; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.199, 0.117) independent of the indirect effect through resilience (effect = −0.038; 95%CI = −0.099, −0.002). Neither gratitude (effect = −0.066; 95% CI = −0.203, 0.090) nor satisfaction with life (effect = −0.036, 95% CI = −0.131, 0.046) contribute to the indirect effect.Conclusions: These results indicate that resilience mediates the relationship between social support and symptoms of PTSD. Targeting social support and resilience in officers may facilitate reduction of PTSD symptoms.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Threat Reactivity Interacts with Physiological Arousal to Predict PTSD Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Büsra Tanriverdi ◽  
David F. Gregory ◽  
Timothy D Ely ◽  
Nathaniel G Harnett ◽  
Sanne J H van Rooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Hippocampal Function ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Threat Sensitivity ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Threat

Prior studies highlight how threat-related arousal may impair hippocampal function. Hippocampal impairments are reliably associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, little research has characterized how increased threat-sensitivity may drive arousal responses to alter hippocampal reactivity, and further how these alterations relate to the sequelae of trauma-related symptoms. In a sample of individuals recently exposed to trauma (N=117, 76 Female), we found that PTSD symptoms at 2-weeks and 3-months were associated with decreased hippocampal responses to threat as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Further, decreased hippocampal threat sensitivity was predicted by individual differences in fear-potentiated startle, an arousal-mediated behavior. Critically, the relationship between hippocampal threat sensitivity and PTSD symptomology only emerged in individuals who showed high threat-related arousal. Collectively, our finding suggests that development of PTSD is associated with threat-related decreases in hippocampal function, due to increases in fear-potentiated arousal.

scholarly journals Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1375
Author(s):  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Valentina Alfonsi ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Alessandro Musetti ◽  
Maria Filosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Post Traumatic Growth ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Negative Tone ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave

Recent literature shows that the Coronovirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked significant changes in dreaming. The current study intends to provide an update about dream variable changes during the second wave of COVID-19. A total of 611 participants completed a web survey from December 2020 to January 2021. Statistical comparisons showed that subjects had lower dream-recall frequency, nightmare frequency, lucid-dream frequency, emotional intensity, and nightmare distress during the second than the first wave of the pandemic. Dreams had a higher negative tone during the second than first wave. We revealed significant differences concerning post-traumatic growth, sleep-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and sleep measures between groups obtained as a function of the changes in the oneiric frequency between the first and second waves. We also found significant correlations between qualitative/emotional dream features and COVID-19-related factors (job change, forced quarantine, having COVID-19 infected relatives/friends, or asking for mental health help). Overall, we found that the second wave affected fewer quantitative features of dream activity and there was less emotional intensity. Moreover, we confirmed the relationship between nightmares and the high risk of PTSD when subjects were grouped as a function of the increasing/decreasing frequency. Finally, our findings are partly coherent with the continuity hypothesis between oneiric and waking experiences.

scholarly journals Therapeutic effect of increased openness: Investigating mechanism of action in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T Wagner ◽  
Michael C Mithoefer ◽  
Ann T Mithoefer ◽  
Rebecca K MacAulay ◽  
Lisa Jerome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Change ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Change ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanism ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

A growing body of research suggests that traumatic events lead to persisting personality change characterized by increased neuroticism. Relevantly, enduring improvements in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been found in response to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. There is evidence that lasting changes in the personality feature of “openness” occur in response to hallucinogens, and that this may potentially act as a therapeutic mechanism of change. The present study investigated whether heightened Openness and decreased Neuroticism served as a mechanism of change within a randomized trial of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) Global Scores and NEO PI-R Personality Inventory (NEO) Openness and Neuroticism Scales served as outcome measures. Results indicated that changes in Openness but not Neuroticism played a moderating role in the relationship between reduced PTSD symptoms and MDMA treatment. Following MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, increased Openness and decreased Neuroticism when comparing baseline personality traits with long-term follow-up traits also were found. These preliminary findings suggest that the effect of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy extends beyond specific PTSD symptomatology and fundamentally alters personality structure, resulting in long-term persisting personality change. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of psychotherapeutic change.

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