scholarly journals Glutamate and psychiatric disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva M. Tsapakis ◽  
Michael J. Travis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acids ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Neuronal Inhibition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmission ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Glutamate System

Most of the excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) is mediated by the endogenous excitatory amino acids (EAAs) glutamate, aspartate and homocysteine. Most of the endogenous inhibitory neurotransmission is mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). EAAs modulate the firing of almost all neurons in the CNS, as excitatory neurotransmission can result in both neuronal inhibition and excitation. The glutamate system is the best characterised of the EAA systems (Box 1).

scholarly journals Inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by excitatory amino acids as a possible mechanism for cholinergic dysfunction in the central nervous system

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson E. Loureiro-dos-Santos ◽  
Ricardo A. M. Reis ◽  
Regina C. C. Kubrusly ◽  
Olga M. M. S. De Almeida ◽  
Patricia F. Gardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acids ◽  
Cholinergic Dysfunction ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system of the male mud crab, Scylla olivacea

Crustaceana ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1123-1134
Author(s):  
Kanjana Khornchatri ◽  
Jirawat Saetan ◽  
Sirirak Mukem ◽  
Prasert Sobhon ◽  
Tipsuda Thongbuakaew
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that is widely spread in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems and modulates essential physiological roles. Previous studies have reported the distribution of several neurotransmitters throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of decapod crustaceans. However, the existence and distribution of GABA in the mud crab’s, Scylla olivacea, CNS has still not been reported. In this study, we investigated the distribution of GABA using immunohistochemistry. The result revealed that GABA immunoreactivity (-ir) was observed in neurons and fibres throughout the CNS, including the eyestalk, brain, and ventral nerve cord of S. olivacea. Therefore, the existence and extensive distribution pattern of GABA in the CNS of the male mud crab suggest its possible roles in feeding, locomotion, and also reproduction.

scholarly journals Antisera to gamma-aminobutyric acid. II. Immunocytochemical application to the central nervous system.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Somogyi ◽  
A J Hodgson ◽  
I W Chubb ◽  
B Penke ◽  
A Erdei
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Solid Phase Adsorption ◽  
Gaba Immunostaining

An antiserum to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was tested for the localization of GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system using the unlabeled antibody enzyme method under pre- and postembedding conditions. GABA immunostaining was compared with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex and in normal and colchicine-injected neocortex and hippocampus of cat. The types, distribution, and proportion of neurons and nerve terminals stained with either sera showed good agreement in all areas. Colchicine treatment had little effect on the density of GABA-immunoreactive cells but increased the number of GAD-positive cells to the level of GABA-positive neurons in normal tissue. GABA immunoreactivity was abolished by solid phase adsorption to GABA and it was attenuated by adsorption to beta-alanine or gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, but without selective loss of immunostaining. Reactivity was not affected by adsorption to glutamate, aspartate, taurine, glycine, cholecystokinin, or bovine serum albumin. The concentration (0.05-2.5%) of glutaraldehyde in the fixative was not critical. The antiserum allows the demonstration of immunoreactive GABA in neurons containing other neuroactive substances; cholecystokinin and GABA immunoreactivities have been shown in the same neurons of the hippocampus. In conclusion, antisera to GABA are good markers for the localization of GABAergic neuronal circuits.

Neurochemicals and respiratory control during development

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Moss ◽  
J. G. Inman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Respiratory Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plastic Process

During ontogeny, the central nervous system undergoes neuronal growth, regression, and remodeling. The development of neurotransmitter and modulator systems is a plastic process with individual temporal characteristics for each system. These characteristics include the synthesis, degradation, or uptake of neurochemicals and, largely independently, the appearance of their receptors. Message transmission during ontogeny is compounded by the variable development of these systems and by the coexistence and cofunction among these chemicals. Nine neurochemical systems are discussed: adenosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioids, prostaglandins, serotonin, progesterone, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and the catecholamines. The possible role of each of these in natural perinatal respiratory control is evaluated according to predetermined criteria. These include the presence of a substance system in respiratory-related regions, physiologically appropriate changes in its concentration in these regions, elicitation of respiratory effects by agonists and antagonists, and abolition with an antagonist of the effect of a substance during its presumed activation by a physiological process. It is suggested that excessive levels of suppressant neuromodulators or an imbalance among neurochemicals can partly explain the special features of respiratory control in the perinatal period.

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