Using the rapid expansion method for accurate time-stepping in modeling and reverse-time migration

Geophysics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. S177-S185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekkehart Tessmer

Reverse-time migration is based on seismic forward modeling algorithms, where spatial derivatives usually are calculated by finite differences or by the Fourier method. Time integration in general is done by finite-difference time stepping of low orders. If the spatial derivatives are calculated by high-order methods and time stepping is based on low-order methods, there is an imbalance that might require that the time-step size needs to be very small to avoid numerical dispersion. As a result, computing times increase. Using the rapid expansion method (REM) avoids numerical dispersion if the number of expansion terms is chosen properly. Comparisons with analytical solutions show that the REM is preferable, especially at larger propagation times. For reverse-time migration, the REM needs to be applied in a time-stepping manner. This is necessary because the original implementation based on very large time spans requires that the source term is separable in space and time. This is not appropriate for reverse-time migration where the sources have different time histories. In reverse-time migration, it might be desirable to use the Poynting vector information to estimate opening angles to improve the quality of the image. In the solution of the wave equation, this requires that one calculates not only the pressure wavefield but also its time derivative. The rapid expansion method can be extended easily to provide this time derivative with negligible extra cost.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Protásio Nery Andrade ◽  
Reynam Cruz Pestana ◽  
Daniel E. Revelo

ABSTRACT.  This paper proposes and describes the implementation of a new depth migration method in the frequency domain. The method, based in the reverse time migration (RTM) technique, extrapolates wavefields from the source and receivers to obtain migrated seismic images that are built directly into the frequency domain. In the proposed method, wavefields are propagated in the time domain and are then transformed into the frequency domain at each time extrapolation step through the discrete Fourier transform. Neither the forward nor backward wavefield is needed to be stored in memory or read from disk storage. To speed up the migration algorithm, the discrete Fourier transform kernel for each frequency is computed and salved before the time extrapolation procedure. At the imaging condition phase, both source and receiver wavefields are at the same frequency, so that, the construction of the image occurs by multiplying the forward source propagated wavefield with the backward propagated of the receivers wavefield for each frequency component. Subsequently, saving the source field at each step to later correlate it with the backpropagated receiver wave field, usually done in conventional RTM, becomes unnecessary. Nor is it necessary to invert a matrix for each frequency component, which is done in the migration technique that uses the Helmholtz equation solution in the frequency domain. Thus, the migration procedure in the frequency domain being proposed is more efficient from a computational point of view, and can also produce high quality migrated images as those produced by conventional RTM. The rapid expansion method (REM) is used for seismic forward modeling, which extrapolated data with good precision and free of numerical dispersion. Thus, with the transformed data at each step in the frequency domain, it is possible to construct high quality, in-depth seismic images at a lower computational cost. Moreover, this frequency domain migration with REM is an atractive strategy to design robust inverse algorithms, especially for 3D problems. To demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method, two synthetic models were used and their results showed high quality images equivalent to those obtained by conventional RTM and thus proving the vality of the method. Keywords: wave equation migration, depth migration, imaging condition, frequency domain migration. RESUMO. Um método de migração em profundidade no domínio da frequência é proposto e implementado. O método consiste na extrapolação dos campos de ondas da fonte e dos receptores e baseia-se na técnica de migração reversa no tempo (da sigla em inglês, RTM), obtendo imagens sísmicas migradas, construídas diretamente no domínio da frequência. No método que estamos propondo, os campos de ondas são propagados no domínio do tempo e a cada passo de extrapolação são transformados para o domínio da frequência, através da transformada de Fourier discreta (do inglês, on-the-fly transform). Para acelerar o algoritmo de migração, o kernel da transformada de Fourier é calculado fora do loop do tempo. Além disso, na etapa de condição da imagem, os campos de onda, tanto da fonte como dos receptores, são calculados no mesmo instante de tempo, ou seja, a construção da imagem se dá através da multiplicação do campo de onda da fonte com o campo retropropagado dos receptores, para cada componente de frequência. Portanto, não precisamos salvar o campo da fonte a cada passo no tempo para posteriormente correlacionar com o campo de onda retropropagado dos receptores, como é usualmente feito na RTM convencional, nem é preciso inverter uma matriz para cada componente de frequência, como é realizado normalmente pela técnica de migração no domínio da frequência, utilizando a solução da equação de Helmholtz. Desta forma, o procedimento de migração no domínio da frequência que estamos propondo se torna mais eficiente do ponto de vista computacional, podendo produzir imagens migradas de alta qualidade, quando comparadas às obtidas através da RTM convencional no domínio do tempo. Para a extrapolação dos campos de ondas no tempo foi empregado o método de expansão rápida (da sigla em inglês, REM), que permite a extrapolação dos dados com boa precisão e livres de dispersão numérica. Desta forma, com os dados transformados para o domínio da frequência, a cada passo no tempo, é possível a construção de imagens sísmicas em profundidade de boa qualidade e a um menor custo computacional. Para demonstrar a eficiência e aplicabilidade do método proposto, dois modelos sintéticos foram usados e seus resultados apresentaram imagens de alta qualidade equivalentes às obtidas pela RTM convencional. Palavras-chave: equação de migração da onda, migração, condição de imagem, migração no domínio da frequência.


2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael L. de Araújo ◽  
Reynam Da C. Pestana

ABSTRACT. Within the seismic method, in order to obtain an accurate image, it is necessary to use some processing techniques, among them the seismic migration. The reverse time migration (RTM) uses the complete wave equation, which implicitly includes multiple arrivals, can image all dips and, therefore, makes it possible to image complex structures. However, its application on 3D pre-stack data is still restricted due to the enormous computational effort required. With recent technological advances and faster computers, 3D pre-stack RTM is being used to address the imaging challenges posed by sub-salt and other complex subsurface targets. Thus, in order to balance processing cost and with image’s quality and confiability, different numeric methods are used to compute the migration. This work presents two different ways of performing the reverse time migration using the complete wave equation: RTMby interpolation and by the pseudo-analytical method. The first migrates the data with different constant velocities and interpolate the results, while the second uses modifications in the computation of the Laplacian operator inorder to improve the finite difference scheme used to approximate the second-order time derivative, making it possible to propagate the wave field stably even using larger time steps. The method’s applicability was tested by the migration of two-dimensional pre- and pos-stack synthetic datasets, the SEG/EAGE salt model and the Marmousi model. A real pre-stack data from the Gulf of Mexico was migrated successfully and is also presented. Through the numerical examples the applicabilityand robustness of these methods were proved and it was also showed that they can extrapolate wavefields with a much larger time step than commonly used.Keywords: acoustic wave equation, seismic migration, reverse time migration, pseudo-spectral method, pseudo-analytical method, pseudo-Laplacian operator. RESUMO. No método sísmico, a fim de se obter uma imagem precisa, faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas de processamento, entre elas a migração sísmica.A migração reversa no tempo (RTM) empregada aqui não é um conceito novo. Ela usa a equação completa da onda, implicitamente inclui múltiplas chegadas, consegue imagear todos os mergulhos e, assim, possibilita o imageamento de estruturas complexas. Porém, sua aplicação em problemas 3D pré-empilhamento continua endo restrita por conta do grande esforço computacional requerido. Mas, recentemente, com o avanço tecnológico e computadores mais rápidos, a migração 3D pré-empilhamento tem sido aplicada, especialmente, em problemas de difícil imageamento, como o de estruturas complexas em regiões de pré-sal. Assim, com o intuito de equilibrar o custo de processamento com a qualidade e confiabilidade da imagem obtida, são utilizados diferentes métodos numéricos para computar a migração. Este trabalho apresenta duas diferentes maneiras de se realizar a migração reversa no tempo partindo da solução exata da equação completa da onda: RTM por interpolação e pelo método pseudo-analítico. No método de interpolação, a migração é aplicada utilizando-se várias velocidades constantes, seguido de um procedimento de interpolação para obter a imagem migrada através da composição das imagens computadas a partir dessas velocidades constantes. Já no método pseudo-analítico, introduz-se modificações no cálculo do operador Laplaciano visando melhorar a aproximação da derivada segunda no tempo, que são feitas por esquemas de diferenças finitas de segunda ordem, possibilitando assim propagar o campo de onda de forma estável usando-se passos maiores no tempo. A aplicabilidadedas metodologias foi testada por meio da migração de dados bidimensionais sintéticos pré e pós-empilhamento, o modelo de domo de sal da SEG/EAGE e o modelo Marmousi. Um dado real bidimensional, adquirido no Golfo do México não empilhado, também, foi usado e migrado com sucesso. Assim, através desses exemplos numéricos, mostra-se a aplicabilidade e a robustez desses novos métodos de migração reversa no tempo no imageamento de estruturas complexas com os campos de ondas propagados com passos maiores no tempo do que os usados comumente.Palavras-chave: equação da onda, migração sísmica, migração reversa no tempo, método pseudo-espectral, método pseudo-analítico, operador pseudo-Laplaciano.


Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. S129-S141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Tang ◽  
George A. McMechan ◽  
Deli Wang

Angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) obtained from reverse time migration are important for velocity and reflectivity inversion. Using the Poynting vector (PV) is an efficient way to calculate ADCIGs, but it suffers from inaccuracy and instability. A well-known reason is that a PV can give only one direction per grid point per time step, and thus it cannot calculate the individual directions of overlapping wavefields. This problem can be addressed by using a multidirectional PV (MPV), which decomposes the wavefields into several “approximate” directions and then calculates PVs for each decomposed wavefield. However, the MPV still suffers from another instability problem. The PV is the product of the time and space derivatives of the wavefield, and so it will be zero when the magnitude of the wavefield is at a local peak, which means that the directions are undefined. This leads to unstable points when the wavefields are close to a local magnitude peak, and it thus reduces the quality of the ADCIGs. We have developed two methods to stabilize the MPVs. The first method makes use of the property that the seismic wavelet has a short time duration, during which the propagation direction is stable. Thus, for each point in a decomposed wavefield, a time shift is used to locate the optimal PV during a short time duration, and the optimal location coincides with the local maximum magnitude of the time derivative. Therefore, there is a time shift between the wavefield and its corresponding PV. The second method combines the existing optical flow (OF) with the multidirectional scheme to produce a multidirectional OF (MOF). The MOF is iterative, and thus it has greater computational complexity. Numerical examples show that the time-shift MPV and MOF give more accurate ADCIGs than those using MPV only.


Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. S403-S409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Moradpouri ◽  
Ali Moradzadeh ◽  
Reynam Pestana ◽  
Reza Ghaedrahmati ◽  
Mehrdad Soleimani Monfared

Reverse time migration (RTM) as a full wave equation method can image steeply dipping structures incorporating all waves without dip limitation. It causes a set of low-frequency artifacts that start to appear for reflection angles larger than 60°. These artifacts are known as the major concern in RTM method. We are first to attempt to formulate a scheme called the leapfrog-rapid expansion method to extrapolate the wavefields and their first derivatives. We have evaluated a new imaging condition, based on the Poynting vectors, to suppress the RTM artifacts. The Poynting vectors information is used to separate the wavefields to their downgoing and upgoing components that form the first part of our imaging condition. The Poynting vector information is also used to calculate the reflection angles as a basis for our weighting function as the second part of the aforementioned imaging condition. Actually, the weighting function is applied to have the most likely desired information and to suppress the artifacts for the angle range of 61°–90°. This is achieved by dividing the angle range to a triplet domain from 61° to 70°, 71° to 80°, and 81° to 90°, where each part has the weight of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively. It is interesting to note that, besides suppressing the artifacts, the weighting function also has the capability to preserve crosscorrelation from the real reflecting points in the angle range of 61°–90°. Finally, we tested the new RTM procedure by the BP synthetic model and a real data set for the North Sea. The obtained results indicate the efficiency of the procedure to suppress the RTM artifacts in producing high-quality, highly illuminated depth-migrated image including all steeply dipping geologic structures.


Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. T121-T131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynam C. Pestana ◽  
Paul L. Stoffa

Forward modeling of seismic data and reverse time migration are based on the time evolution of wavefields. For the case of spatially varying velocity, we have worked on two approaches to evaluate the time evolution of seismic wavefields. An exact solution for the constant-velocity acoustic wave equation can be used to simulate the pressure response at any time. For a spatially varying velocity, a one-step method can be developed where no intermediate time responses are required. Using this approach, we have solved for the pressure response at intermediate times and have developed a recursive solution. The solution has a very high degree of accuracy and can be reduced to various finite-difference time-derivative methods, depending on the approximations used. Although the two approaches are closely related, each has advantages, depending on the problem being solved.


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