Inversion of anisotropic MT data using approximate equality constrains

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cicero Régis ◽  
Edelson da Cruz Luz ◽  
Marcus Danilo Costa
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Equality

scholarly journals Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

From the observation that fasting heat production includes the cost of body protein resynthesis and the evidence that protein resynthesis is included in the regression estimate of protein retention efficiency it is conjectured that the estimate of maintenance from fasting heat production must be conceptually equal to the regression intercept estimate of maintenance plus the cost of body protein resynthesis. Experimental evidence for comparable situations shows an approximate observational equality in agreement with the conjectured conceptual equality. This approximate equality implies that the theoretical (stiochiometric) efficiency of protein synthesis should be used in conjunction with the estimate of maintenance from fasting heat production for the prediction of growth energy requirements. The approximate maintenance equalities suggest furthermore approximate equality of theoretical fat synthesis efficiency and regression fat retention efficiency. This conjecture is also supported by experimental evidence. Some practical nutrition and pig breeding implications of the foregoing conclusions are indicated.

Optical Path Analysis of the Optical Fiber Bundle Hydrogen Sensor

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 4102-4105
Author(s):  
Lu Jun Cui ◽  
Hui Chao Shang ◽  
Gang Zhang ◽  
You Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Internal Noise ◽  
Hydrogen Sensor ◽  
Optical Path ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Optical Paths ◽  
Optical Fiber Bundle ◽  
Peak Value

The present work investigates reflectivity and optimal reflective distance of optical fiber hydrogen sensor in over 0～4000um range. The approximate equality of reflective distance in two optical paths increases signal to noise ratio for optical hydrogen sensor, the fabrication of optical path could eliminate the internal noise and external interferences, and provides higher stability for hydrogen sensor. Through a series of simulation experiments it was found that different reflective distances determine the sensitivity and amplitude response of hydrogen sensor. When the reflective distance was about 1mm in optical path, the sensitivity of optical hydrogen sensor could reach the peak value.

The Approximate Equality of the Proton-Proton and Proton-Neutron Interactions for the Meson Potential

1939 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1103-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Breit ◽  
L. E. Hoisington ◽  
S. S. Share ◽  
H. M. Thaxton
Keyword(s):  
Proton Proton ◽  
Approximate Equality

Anisotropy of the temperature dissipation in a turbulent wake

1986 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Antonia ◽  
L. W. B. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Transport Equation ◽  
Shear Flows ◽  
Turbulent Wake ◽  
Turbulent Shear ◽  
Temperature Variance ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Turbulent Shear Flows ◽  
Measured Ratio ◽  
Plane Turbulent Wake ◽  
Isotropic Dissipation

Measurements by Freymuth & Uberoi (1971) of the terms in the transport equation for the temperature variance in a plane turbulent wake indicated approximate equality for the three components of the temperature dissipation, thus indicating isotropy for that quantity. This result was in sufficient disagreement with the results obtained in several other turbulent shear flows to warrant further measurements of the temperature dissipation in the wake. The present measurements indicate that the dissipation is larger than the isotropic value by about 50 % near the wake centreline and nearly 100 % near the region of maximum production. The magnitude of this ratio is similar to that obtained in other turbulent shear flows. The present measured ratio of total dissipation to isotropic dissipation leads to a satisfactory closure of the temperature variance budget for our experiments and also for the plane-wake measurements of Fabris (1974). It is concluded that the temperature dissipation is not isotropic.

Equality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Weale
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Moral Claims ◽  
Mean Equality

Equality has long been a source of political and philosophical controversy. A central question about equality is how one might link empirical or moral claims about the extent to which persons are equal to judgements about the moral acceptability or unacceptability of social inequalities, and in particular how far considerations of equality license social action to bring about greater social equality. A traditional liberal argument holds that approximate equality of human strength makes it prudent for humans to place themselves under a common political authority, thus producing a justification for equality before the law. But any generalization of this argument ignores the cases where strength is unequal and the resulting balance of power unjust. Equality of worth is a principle recognized in many philosophical traditions, but its broad acceptance leaves open many problems of interpretation. In particular, it is not clear how far the principle calls for greater equality of social conditions. Persons may derive a sense of worth from enjoying the fruits of their labour, and this will legitimately block some redistribution; certain inequalities may work to everyone’s advantage; and the impartial concern of the equality principle may be at odds with the sense of ourselves as persons with specific attachments. In this context, some have wanted to soften the interpretation of equality to mean equality of opportunity or merely that inequalities should not be cumulative, although how far these moves are justified is a matter for dispute. By contrast, challenges to the equality principle from considerations of incentives, desert or difference can more easily be met.

Derivation of the differential continuity equation in an introductory engineering fluid mechanics course

2021 ◽  
pp. 030641902110144
Author(s):  
EM Wahba
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Series Expansion ◽  
Taylor Series ◽  
Continuity Equation ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Taylor Series Expansion ◽  
Divergence Theorem ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Finite Control ◽  
Gauss Divergence Theorem

The differential continuity equation is elegantly derived in advanced fluid mechanics textbooks using the divergence theorem of Gauss, where the surface integral of the mass flux flowing out of a finite control volume is replaced by the volume integral of the divergence of the mass flux within the control volume. To avoid the need for introducing the Gauss divergence theorem in an introductory fluid mechanics course, introductory textbooks in fluid mechanics have opted to use a more simple approach, which depends on the consideration of an infinitesimal control volume and the use of Taylor series expansion. This approach, however, involves a first order truncation of the Taylor series expansion and the use of approximate equality signs which may imply to undergraduate students that the derived continuity equation is an approximate equation. The present study proposes an alternative derivation of the differential continuity equation using a finite control volume and is based on the simple concept of the antiderivative function and the fundamental theorem of calculus. The proposed derivation eliminates the need to formally introduce the Gauss divergence theorem in an introductory engineering fluid mechanics course while avoiding the use of truncated Taylor series expansion and approximate equality signs, hence providing a more simple and sound understanding of the derivation of the differential continuity equation to undergraduate engineering students.

Compensating for site and year effects in estimating the true yield of wheat genotypes

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Pederson ◽  
E Seif
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Biased Sampling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Stability ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Approximate Equality

When data are obtained for several cultivars over years and sites, it is possible to calculate three regression coefficients for each cultivar, based on site x cultivar effects, year x cultivar effects, and site x year x cultivar effects respectively. For wheat yield data from western New South Wales there is an approximate equality of these measures of phenotypic stability, and it is inferred that a single environmental factor has a dominant effect both between and within seasons. This result is applied to the estimation of a regression mean for each cultivar, a technique designed to compensate for the biased sampling of environments over one or two seasons. For nine wheat cultivars, it is shown that the regression mean is at least as good an estimator of true yield as the arithmetic mean, and the conditions under which a regression mean is expected to be a better estimator are defined.

Memoirs: The Spermatogenesis of Stenophylax stellatus, Curt. (Trichoptera)

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (310) ◽  
pp. 311-327
Author(s):  
R. A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Diploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Axial Filament ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
Dense Mass ◽  
Early Primary

1. The structure of the nuclei of the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and the nuclear changes during the division of the spermatocytes are described. The nucleolus of the spermatocytes of Stenophylax does not contribute directly to the formation of the chromosomes as claimed by Lutman (8) for Platyphylax designatus. The diploid chromosome number of Stenophylax stellatus is sixty. 2. The Golgi material of the spermatogonia and of the early primary spermatocytes is in the form of a dense mass; in the primary spermatocytes this mass separates to form two masses. The Golgi material of the spermatogonia and spermatocytes breaks up to form Golgi bodies which move towards the poles of the spindle, and are thus distributed with approximate equality to the resulting cells. 3. Granular mitochondria are present in the spermatogonia; during the metaphase they are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. During the division of the spermatocytes the mitochondria come together to form two masses at the side of the spindle; in the telophase these masses are separated into two approximately equal parts. 4. The acrosome is formed under the influence of some of the Golgi material; after its formation the Golgi material breaks up into smaller bodies which become distributed through the tail region. 5. The mitochondria, in the form of a tangled mass of filaments, become arranged around the axial filament; later they form a compact sheath. 6. A vesicle makes its appearance in the nucleus of the young spermatid and increases in size, but later becomes smaller and finally disappears. A structure which is probably a postnuclear body was observed in the young spermatid.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Velocity Variance in the Urban Surface Roughness Layer

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 668-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce B. Hicks ◽  
Elena Novakovskaia ◽  
Ronald J. Dobosy ◽  
William R. Pendergrass ◽  
William J. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Velocity Variance ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Velocity Variances ◽  
Average State

AbstractData from six urban areas in a nationwide network of sites within the surface roughness layer are examined. It is found that the average velocity variances in time, derived by averaging the conventional variances from a network of n stations, are nearly equal to the velocity variances in space, derived as the variances among the n average velocities. This similarity is modified during sunlit hours, when convection appears to elevate the former. The data show little dependence of the ratio of these two variances on wind speed. It is concluded that the average state of the surface roughness layer in urban and suburban areas like those considered here tends toward an approximate equality of these two measures of variance, much as has been observed elsewhere for the case of forests.

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