Shallow water use of marine vibrators

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmo Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use

scholarly journals Alfalfa water use pinpointed in saline, shallow water tables of Imperial Valley

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled M. Bali ◽  
Mark E. Grismer ◽  
Richard L. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Imperial Valley ◽  
Water Tables

Big fish in shallow water; use of an intertidal surf-zone habitat by large-bodied teleosts and elasmobranchs in tropical northern Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 821-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Tobin ◽  
Amos Mapleston ◽  
Alastair V. Harry ◽  
Mario Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Surf Zone ◽  
Northern Australia

WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CROPS AT SHALLOW WATER TABLES IN A TEMPERATE CLIMATE

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mueller ◽  
A. Behrendt ◽  
G. Schalitz ◽  
U. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Use Efficiency

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A REVIEW

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. V. CARR
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Shallow Water Table

SUMMARYDate palm is a crop suited to hot, arid regions. It originated in Mesopotamia and the centres of production are in West Asia and North Africa. Despite its regional and international importance, and its dependence on irrigation or a shallow water table for survival, relatively little research has been published on the water relations and irrigation need of date palm. Following early work in California, the majority of the recent research reported in the literature has been conducted in Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. The date palm has a terminal crown of 100–120 leaves. At the base of each leaf is an axillary bud, most of which develop in the winter as flower buds. It takes 150–200 days from pollination to fruit maturity. Stomata occur on both leaf surfaces. Different techniques have been used to measure the water use of date palm, including micrometeorological and sap flow methods. In Syria, mean actual evapotranspiration rates varied between 0.5 mm d−1 (winter) and 3.5 mm d−1 (summer), in Saudi Arabia from 2–3 to 8–11 mm d−1 depending on location and in Jordan from 2 to 8–10 mm d−1 respectively. In Tunisia, there was some (limited) evidence of stomatal control of transpiration rates (seasonal range 0.5 to 3.5 mm d−1) when temperatures exceeded 32 °C. Experimentally determined values of the crop coefficient were inconsistent, varying from 0.6–0.7 to 1.18. In the vicinity of an oasis, advection may increase potential water use substantially above that of a reference crop. In the absence of a shallow water table, roots can extract water from soil depths greater than 2 m. There is little published information on the water productivity of date palm. A target benchmark figure is probably about 1.3-kg fresh fruit m−3 of irrigation water applied. Under controlled conditions, phenotypes differed in their responses to water stress. The date palm is traditionally considered to be relatively salt-tolerant, with a threshold electrical conductivity value for the saturated soil extract of 4.0 dS m−1, but recent evidence from Israel suggests that this view may be mistaken. Since early times, flood irrigation has been used to irrigate date palm and it is still probably the most common method in many countries. Since the 1980s, farmers have been encouraged by governments to use localised irrigation methods (e.g. micro-sprinklers, drip and bubbler) as a means of saving water. Since water is a scarce resource in the West Asia and North Africa region, research should focus on developing ways to improve the water productivity of this high value crop.

Effects of shallow water table, salinity and frequency of irrigation water on the date palm water use

2014 ◽  
Vol 513 ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahim Askri ◽  
Abdelkader T. Ahmed ◽  
Tarek Abichou ◽  
Rachida Bouhlila
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Shallow Water Table

The effect of a saline and non-saline water table on peach tree water use, growth, productivity and ion uptake

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Boland ◽  
PH Jerie ◽  
PD Mitchell ◽  
JL Irvine ◽  
N Nardella
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Peach Trees

The effect of salinity and shallow water tables (1.4 m depth) used in combination with Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) on peach trees (Prunus persica, L. Batsch) was studied over 2 years. Under RDI management a non-saline water table contributed up to 30% of water use. A lack of control of vegetative growth in the first season indicated that a shallow water table may interfere with RDI management. A decline in tree health and growth under RDI and a non-saline water table in the following season may have resulted from salinity and/or waterlogging effects. Saline irrigation under RDI management caused an additional decline in tree growth compared with RDI under non-saline conditions, and resulted in a reduction in productivity (yield and fruit size) and increased uptake of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions in various plant tissues. Similarly, a saline water table caused a decline in tree growth and fruit size in the first season and increased uptake of Na and C1 ions. For all treatments, accumulation of C1 in the leaves, Na and C1 in the fruit, Na in the bark and storage of Na in the butt wood and structural roots was demonstrated. Differences in mechanisms of transport of Na and C1 and the importance of older wood as a storage organ for ions are proposed. The potential for butt wood as a precise indicator of past salinity treatment is suggested. A combination of a shallow water table and moderate salinity environment was shown to present a potential health hazard for peach trees. The need for refinement of RDI management to incorporate leaching in the presence of saline irrigation and/or water tables is proposed. The management of drainage is also essential.

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