Seismic modeling with the wave equation difference engine

Author(s):  
R. Phillip Bording
2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1517-1525
Author(s):  
P. F. Daley ◽  
E. S. Krebes ◽  
L. R. Lines

The 3D acoustic wave equation for a heterogeneous medium is used for the seismic modeling of compressional (P-) wave propagation in complex subsurface structures. A combination of finite difference and finite integral transform methods is employed to obtain a “2.5D” solution to the 3D equation. Such 2.5D approaches are attractive because they result in computational run times that are substantially smaller than those for the 3D finite difference method. The acoustic parameters of the medium are assumed to be constant in one of the three Cartesian spatial dimensions. This assumption is made to reduce the complexity of the problem, but still retain the salient features of the approach. Simple models are used to address the computational issues that arise in the modeling. The conclusions drawn can also be applied to the more general fully inhomogeneous problem. Although similar studies have been carried out by others, the work presented here is new in the sense that (i) it applies to subsurface models that are both vertically and laterally heterogeneous, and (ii) the computational issues that need to be addressed for efficient computations, which are not trivial, are examined in detail, unlike previous works. We find that it is feasible to generate true-amplitude synthetic seismograms using the 2.5D approach, with computational run times, storage requirements, and other factors, being at reduced and acceptable levels.


Geophysics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edip Baysal ◽  
Dan D. Kosloff ◽  
J. W. C. Sherwood

In seismic modeling and in migration it is often desirable to use a wave equation (with varying velocity but constant density) which does not produce interlayer reverberations. The conventional approach has been to use a one‐way wave equation which allows energy to propagate in one dominant direction only, typically this direction being either upward or downward (Claerbout, 1972). We introduce a two‐way wave equation which gives highly reduced reflection coefficients for transmission across material boundaries. For homogeneous regions of space, however, this wave equation becomes identical to the full acoustic wave equation. Possible applications of this wave equation for forward modeling and for migration are illustrated with simple models.


Geophysics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1329-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Berryhill

Wave‐equation datuming is the name given to upward or downward continuation of seismic time data when the purpose is to redefine the reference surface on which the sources and receivers appear to be located. This technique differs from conventional datuming methods in the repositioning of seismic reflections laterally as well as vertically in response to observed time dips. The most interesting applications of the technique are those in which the redefined reference surface is an actual geologic interface having an irregular topography and a large velocity contrast. Wave‐equation datuming can remove the deleterious effect such an interface has on seismic reflections originating below it. Wave‐equation datuming also is applicable in seismic modeling. The computations required in wave‐equation datuming are related to those of migration. The Kirchhoff integral formulation of the wave equation can provide a basis for computation to deal with the irregular surfaces and variable velocities that are central to the problem. The numerical implementation of the Kirchhoff approach can be reduced to an efficient procedure involving summations and convolutions of seismic traces with short shaping and weighting operators.


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lara Ortiz ◽  
Reynam C. Pestana

ABSTRACT. In this work we show that the solution of the first order differential wave equation for an analytical wavefield, using a finite-difference scheme in time, follows exactly the same recursion of modified Chebyshev polynomials. Based on this, we proposed a numerical...Keywords: seismic modeling, acoustic wave equation, analytical wavefield, Chebyshev polinomials. RESUMO. Neste trabalho, mostra-se que a solução da equação de onda de primeira ordem com um campo de onda analítico usando um esquema de diferenças finitas no tempo segue exatamente a relação de recorrência dos polinômios modificados de Chebyshev. O algoritmo...Palavras-chave: modelagem sísmica, equação da onda acústica, campo analítico, polinômios de Chebyshev.


2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Gary Corey Aldunate ◽  
Reynam C. Pestana

ABSTRACT. The 3-D acoustic wave equation is generally solved using finite difference schemes on the mesh which defines the velocity model. However, whennumerical solution of the wave equation is done by finite difference schemes, attention should be taken with respect to dispersion and numerical stability. To overcomethese problems, one alternative is to solve the wave equation in the Fourier domain. This approach is stabler and makes possible to separate the full wave equation inits unidirectional equations. Thus, the full wave equation is decoupled in two first order differential equations, namely two equations related to the vertical component:upgoing (-Z) and downgoing (+Z) unidirectional equations. Among the solution methods, we can highlight the Split-Step-Plus-Interpolation (SS-PSPI). This methodhas been proven to be quite adequate for migration problems in 3-D media, providing satisfactory results at low computational cost. In this work, 3-D seismic modelingis implemented using Huygens’ principle and an equivalent simulation of the full wave equation solution is obtained by properly applying the solutions of the twouncoupled equations. In this procedure, a point source wavefield located at the surface is extrapolated downward recursively until the last depth level in the velocityfield is reached. A second extrapolation is done in order to extrapolate the wavefield upwards, from the last depth level to the surface level, and at each depth level thepreviously stored wavefield (saved during the downgoing step) is convolved with a reflectivity model in order to simulate secondary sources. To perform depth pre-stackmigration of 3-D datasets, the decoupled wave equations were used and the same process described for seismic modeling is applied for the propagation of sources andreceivers wavefields. Thus, depth migrated images are obtained using appropriate image conditions: the upgoing and downgoing wavefields of sources and receiversare correlated and the migrated images are formed. The seismic modeling and migration methods using upgoing and downgoing wavefields were tested on simple 3-Dmodels. Tests showed that the addition of upgoing wavefield in seismic migration, provide better result and highlight steep deep reflectors which do not appear in theresults using only downgoing wavefields.Keywords: 3-D seismic modeling and migration, Upoing and downgoing wavefields, Split-Step Phase Shift Plus Interpolation method, Decoupled wave equations,One-Way equations.RESUMO. A equação da onda acústica tridimensional é normalmente resolvida usando-se esquemas de diferenças finitas sobre a malha que define o modelo develocidade. Entretanto, deve-se ter cuidado com a dispersão e a estabilidade numérica durante o processo de propagação da onda na malha. Uma outra alternativa, bastante eficiente de se resolver a equação completa da onda, é desacoplando-a em duas equações de onda unidirecionais no domínio transformado de Fourier (solução pseudo-espectral). Assim, a equação completa da onda é separada em duas equações diferenciais de primeira ordem relativa á componente vertical: equação da ondaascendente (-Z) e da onda descendente (+Z). Normalmente, a equação unidirecional é resolvida com diferentes ordens de aproximação. Entre esses métodos, podemos destacar o método “Split-Step-Plus-Interpolation” (SS-PSPI), que tem sido bastante adequado para problemas de migração em meios 3-D, fornecendo resultados aum baixo custo computacional. Neste trabalho, o modelamento sísmico 3-D foi implementado usando-se o princípio de Huygens com as duas equações de onda unidirecionais desacopladas. Com o objetivo de simular uma solução equivalente à solução da equação completa, uma fonte pontual localizada na superfície é extrapoladaem profundidade, de forma recursiva, até atingir o último nível de profundidade na malha do modelo de velocidades. Uma segunda extrapolação é realizada para extrapolar para cima o campo de onda, desde o último nível em profundidade até à superfície do modelo. Assim, os receptores localizados na superfície registram ocampo de onda ascendente, que trazem informações dos refletores em subsuperfície na forma de reflexões e difrações. Para realizar a migração pré-empilhamento em profundidade de dados 3-D, usando-se as equações de onda desacopladas, o mesmo procedimento descrito para o modelamento sísmico é utilizado para a propagação dos campos de onda de fontes e receptores. Imagens migradas são obtidas usando-se condições de imagem apropriadas, onde os campos de onda da fonte e dos receptores, descendente e ascendente, são correlacionados. Sobre modelos 3-D simples foram testados os métodos de modelamento e migração, levando em conta oscampos de onda ascendente e descendente. Ficando, assim, evidenciado que no método de migração sísmica, proposto aqui, a adição do campo de onda ascendente fornece um melhor resultado, ressaltando os refletores íngremes que não aparecem nos resultados utilizando-se apenas a extrapolação do campo de onda descendente.Palavras-chave: Migração e modelagem sísmica 3-D, Migração em duas etapas mais interpolação, equações de ondas unidirecionais.


2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Nong LIU ◽  
Feng-Lin CUI ◽  
Jian-Feng ZHANG

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