Efficient wavefield extrapolation to irregular surfaces using finite differences: Zero‐velocity datuming

Author(s):  
Scot MacKay
1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Beasley ◽  
W. Lynn

Geophysics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1435-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Beasley ◽  
Walt Lynn

Seismic data acquired in areas with irregular topography are usually corrected to a flat datum before migration. A time‐honored technique for handling elevation changes is to time shift the data before application of migration. This simple time shift, or elevation‐static correction, cannot properly represent wide‐angle or dipping reflections as they would have been recorded at the datum. As a result, when elevation varies significantly, accuracy in event positioning may be compromised for migration and other wave‐equation processes, such as dip moveout processing (DMO). Traditionally, such over‐ and under‐migration artifacts have been dealt with by increasing or decreasing the migration velocity. However, simple adjustment of the migration velocity cannot undo the wave‐field distortions induced in seismic data acquired over varying elevations. More sophisticated and accurate solutions such as wave‐equation datuming are too computationally demanding for routine use. Here, we propose an efficient and accurate technique for doing migration from irregular surfaces using conventional migration algorithms. As in elevation‐static corrections, surface‐recorded data are time‐shifted to a horizontal datum; for our process, we choose to have that datum elevation lie at or above the highest elevation in the survey. After migration, the datum elevation can always be adjusted to any other level by means of a bulk time shift. In the migration step, the velocity is set to zero (or some very small value) in the layer between the surface and the datum; below the original surface, the interval velocity represents the best estimate of the subsurface geology. By adding a zero‐velocity layer, the migration algorithm is applied to the data from the flat datum and no lateral propagation is allowed until a nonzero velocity is encountered at the recording surface. Synthetic and field data examples demonstrate that use of the “zero‐velocity layer” significantly improves imaging accuracy relative to conventional migration from a flat datum. Moreover, the geologically derived migration‐velocity field need not be adjusted to compensate for shortcomings in the datum‐static procedure. The technique can be extended to prestack processes such as DMO, shot‐ and receiver‐gather downward extrapolation, and migration and thus suggests a unified approach to processing data from irregular surfaces.


Geophysics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. S105-S112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh M. Al-Saleh ◽  
Gary F. Margrave ◽  
Sam H. Gray

Downward-continuation migration algorithms are powerful tools for imaging complicated subsurface structures. However, they usually assume that extrapolation proceeds from a flat surface, whereas most land surveys are acquired over irregular surfaces. Our method downward continues data directly from topography using a recursive space-frequency explicit wavefield-extrapolation method. The algorithm typically handles strong lateral velocity variations by using the velocity value at each spatial position to build the wavefield extrapolator in which the depth step usually is kept fixed. To accommodate topographic variations, we build space-frequency wavefield extrapolators with laterally variable depth steps (LVDS). At each spatial location, the difference between topography and extrapolation depth is used to determine the depth step. We use the velocity and topographic values at each spatial lateral position to build extrapolators. The LVDS approach does not add more data nor does it require preprocessing prior to extrapolation. We implemented the LVDS method and applied it to a source profile prestack migration technique. We also implemented the previously developed zero-velocity layer approach to use for comparison. For both algorithms, we modeled the acoustic source as an approximate free-space Green’s function, not as a simple extrapolated spatial impulse. Tests on a synthetic data set modeled from rough topography and comparisons with the zero-velocity layer approach confirm the method’s effectiveness in imaging shallow and deep structures beneath rugged topography.


Author(s):  
Lisiane Trevisan ◽  
Juliane Donadel ◽  
Bianca de Castro
Keyword(s):  

Kerntechnik ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Suescún Díaz ◽  
A. Senra Martinez
Keyword(s):  

10.37236/24 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Bucchianico ◽  
D. Loeb

We survey the mathematical literature on umbral calculus (otherwise known as the calculus of finite differences) from its roots in the 19th century (and earlier) as a set of “magic rules” for lowering and raising indices, through its rebirth in the 1970’s as Rota’s school set it on a firm logical foundation using operator methods, to the current state of the art with numerous generalizations and applications. The survey itself is complemented by a fairly complete bibliography (over 500 references) which we expect to update regularly.


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