Reply by Dr. Rosenbach

Otto Rosenbach

doi:10.1190/1.1486529

Empirical Calculations of Snow–Avalanche Run–out Distance Based on Topographic Parameters

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s0022143000010704 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 26 (94) ◽

pp. 165-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. Lied ◽

K. Bakkehøi

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Vertical Displacement ◽

Second Derivative ◽

Average Gradient ◽

Degree Function ◽

Terrain Parameters ◽

Α Angle ◽

Topographic Parameters

AbstractA method for calculation of “maximum” avalanche run–out distance based on topographic parameters only is described. 423 well–known avalanches have had their maximum extent registered. The average gradient of avalanche path (α–angle), measured between the highest point of rupture and outer end of avalanche deposit is used as description of avalanche run–out. The topographic parameters which determine α are described.A regression analysis of 111 avalanche paths based on 8 terrain parameters is performed, applying 26 independent combinations of these parameters as variables. The four best combinations of variables are used. These variables are: second derivative y’’ of avalanche slope described by a second–degree function, average gradient of avalanche track β, total vertical displacement of the avalanche H, and gradient of rupture zone θ.The equation has a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and standard deviation of 2.3°. This relationship makes possible a fairly accurate prediction of avalanche run–out distance.

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Probable Dates of Flex, Substantial Reduction in the Number of COVID–19 Positive Confirmed Cases and Fatalities in the State of Maharashtra (India)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-68712/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

B. L .ARORA

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Error Function ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Second Derivative ◽

Expected Values ◽

The Government ◽

Using Data ◽

Parameter Values ◽

The City ◽

Sufficient Reduction

Abstract In this paper, we analyse the COVID-19 data of the number of confirmed positive infectious COVID-19 cases (I) in Maharashtra, the second most populous state of India, having a population of nearly 123 million – more than the population of most of the European countries. For this analysis, we use COVID-19 data for the period from April 1, 2020 to August 24, 2020 to find the flex in the I - t curve, where the second derivative of the curve becomes negative. i.e. the date from which the rate of growth of the number of infections starts decreasing – or a peak occurs in the daily new COVID – 19 positive cases. Here I is the total number of cumulative COVID-19 positive cases and t is the time (in days). The observed data are fitted by employing the Gauss error function formulaa + b erf(cx - d),(with four adjustable arbitrary parameters a, b, c, and d) following the prescriptions adopted by Ciufolini and Paolozzi [1] for the analysis of the COVID-19 data from Italy and China. The date of flex is found using data from April 1 to August 11, then the data from April 1 to August 12, and so on, till the data from April 1 to August 24. There is a variation in the dates of flex for these 14 sets of data; however, the date of flex converges to a definite date towards the later sets. We also calculate the standard deviation of these values to calculate the uncertainty in the expected date of flex. Using these parameter values, we also calculate the expected values of COVID–19 positive cases for future. From this data, we estimate the date(s) at which there is sufficient reduction in the number of new daily positive cases and the number of such cases are likely to increase by say, 1000.The data for the number of fatalities in the city is also fitted to a Gauss error function with four parameters of the above type and we estimate in this case also, the date of flex as well as the dates at which the number of fatalities reduces in proportion to sufficient reduction in the number of new COVID-19 cases, which in this case is approximately 34 (for 1000 new infections). The data for the above analysis has been taken from the website covid19India.org and Aarogya Setu App [2] of the Government of India.

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Empirical Calculations of Snow–Avalanche Run–out Distance Based on Topographic Parameters

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000010704 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 26 (94) ◽

pp. 165-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

K. Lied ◽

K. Bakkehøi

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Vertical Displacement ◽

Second Derivative ◽

Average Gradient ◽

Degree Function ◽

Terrain Parameters ◽

Α Angle ◽

Topographic Parameters

AbstractA method for calculation of “maximum” avalanche run–out distance based on topographic parameters only is described. 423 well–known avalanches have had their maximum extent registered. The average gradient of avalanche path (α–angle), measured between the highest point of rupture and outer end of avalanche deposit is used as description of avalanche run–out. The topographic parameters which determine α are described.A regression analysis of 111 avalanche paths based on 8 terrain parameters is performed, applying 26 independent combinations of these parameters as variables. The four best combinations of variables are used. These variables are: second derivativey’’ of avalanche slope described by a second–degree function, average gradient of avalanche track β, total vertical displacement of the avalancheH, and gradient of rupture zone θ.The equationhas a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and standard deviation of 2.3°. This relationship makes possible a fairly accurate prediction of avalanche run–out distance.

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Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Corticosteroids in Combinations with Other Drugs

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/69.4.614 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 614-618

Author(s):

Fawzy A El-Yazbi ◽

Mohamed A Korany ◽

Omayma Abdel-Razak ◽

Mahmoud A Elsayed

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Relative Standard Deviation ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Second Derivative ◽

Chlorpheniramine Maleate ◽

Derivative Spectra ◽

Relative Standard ◽

Spectral Responses

Abstract Three 2-component mixtures, namely, dexamefhazone-chlorpheniramine maleate, prednisolone-chlorpheniramine maleate, and prednisolone-salicylic acid, have been assayed using their first (D1,) and second (D2) derivative spectra in methanol, delta absorption (ΔA), and second derivative of Δ A (Δ D2) spectra in methanol-methanolic HC1. In the first 2 mixtures, chlorpheniramine maleate was determined by measuring its Δ D2 value at 278 nm, while dexamethazone and prednisolone were analyzed by measuring their D1 values at 248 nm. Prednisolone and salicylic acid were analyzed in combination by using their respective D2 spectral responses at 272 and 314 nm. The results obtained are reasonably reproducible with a relative standard deviation <2%. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations.

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Nucleic Acid Molecules Prepared by Monolayer Techniques

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100094140 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 178-179

Author(s):

Dimitrij Lang

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Cytochrome C ◽

Nucleic Acids ◽

Contour Length ◽

Sample Standard Deviation ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Length Measurements ◽

Protein Monolayer

The success of the protein monolayer technique for electron microscopy of individual DNA molecules is based on the prevention of aggregation and orientation of the molecules during drying on specimen grids. DNA adsorbs first to a surface-denatured, insoluble cytochrome c monolayer which is then transferred to grids, without major distortion, by touching. Fig. 1 shows three basic procedures which, modified or not, permit the study of various important properties of nucleic acids, either in concert with other methods or exclusively:1) Molecular weights relative to DNA standards as well as number distributions of molecular weights can be obtained from contour length measurements with a sample standard deviation between 1 and 4%.

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Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-20-00047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 429-435

Author(s):

Patricia C. Mancini ◽

Richard S. Tyler ◽

Hyung Jin Jun ◽

Tang-Chuan Wang ◽

Helena Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

High Frequency ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

The Relationship ◽

Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

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Bedingungen für den Erfolg übergewichtiger und adipöser Kinder in einem ambulanten Programm zur Gewichtsreduktion durch Veränderungen des Lebensstils

Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie ◽

10.1024/1422-4917/a000059 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 351-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wilfried Pott ◽

Georg Fröhlich ◽

Özgür Albayrak ◽

Johannes Hebebrand ◽

Ursula Pauli-Pott

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Body Mass ◽

Standard Deviation Score ◽

Psychische Belastung ◽

Deviation Score ◽

Höheres Alter

Fragestellung: Es wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich erfolgreiche Teilnehmer eines ambulanten familienzentrierten Gewichtskontrollprogramms durch spezifische familiäre und psychologische Charakteristiken auszeichnen. Einbezogen wurden die psychosoziale Risikobelastung der Familie, Depressivität und Bindungsstil der Hauptbezugsperson, der Body mass index (BMI) und der BMI-Standardabweichungswert («Standard deviation score», SDS) des teilnehmenden Kindes und der Familienmitglieder sowie die individuelle psychische Belastung des teilnehmenden Kindes. Methodik: Die Daten wurden per Interview und Fragebogen vor dem Behandlungsbeginn erhoben. Von 136 in das Programm aufgenommenen übergewichtigen und adipösen Kindern zwischen 7 und 15 Jahren beendeten 116 das 12-monatige Interventionsprogramm. Von diesen zeigten 100 (85,3 %) eine Reduktion des BMI-SDS und 79 (68.1 %) eine mehr als 5 %ige Reduktion des BMI-SDS. Diese «erfolgreichen» Kinder wurden mit 56 «nicht erfolgreichen» (Abbrecher und Kinder mit einer 5 %igen oder geringeren Reduktion des BMI-SDS) verglichen. Ergebnisse: Nicht erfolgreiche Kinder unterschieden sich von den erfolgreichen durch ein höheres Alter, eine höhere psychosoziale Risikobelastung, Depressivität und einen vermeidenden Bindungsstil der Mutter sowie durch das Vorhandensein adipöser Geschwister. In einer logistischen Regressionsanalyse zeigten sich mütterliche Depressivität und das Vorhandensein adipöser Geschwister als beste und voneinander unabhängige Prädiktoren. Schlussfolgerungen: Um die spezifischen Bedürfnisse der Familien zu erfüllen und einen Misserfolg zu verhindern, sollten zusätzliche Programmbausteine zur spezifischen Unterstützung von Jugendlichen mit adipösen Geschwistern und Müttern mit Depressionen und vermeidenden Bindungsstil entwickelt werden. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Module muss dann in weiteren Studien überprüft werden.

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