Frame moduli of unconsolidated sands and sandstones

Geophysics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1352-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Spencer ◽  
Michael E. Cates ◽  
Don D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Unconsolidated Sands ◽  
Seismic Amplitude ◽  
Seismic Frequencies

In this study, we investigate the elastic moduli of the empty grain framework (the “frame” moduli) in unconsolidated sands and consolidated sandstones. The work was done to improve the interpretation of seismic amplitude anomalies and amplitude variations with offset (AVO) associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs. We developed a laboratory apparatus to measure the frame Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of unconsolidated sands at seismic frequencies (0.2 to 155 Hz) in samples approximately 11 cm long. We used ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements to measure the frame moduli of consolidated sandstones. We found that the correlation coefficient between the frame Poisson’s ratio [Formula: see text] and the mineral Poisson’s ratio [Formula: see text] is 0.84 in consolidated sandstones and only 0.28 in unconsolidated sands. The range of [Formula: see text] values in unconsolidated sands is 0.115 to 0.237 (mean = 0.187, standard deviation = 0.030), and [Formula: see text] cannot be estimated without core or log analyses. Frame moduli analyses of core samples can be used to calibrate the interpretation of seismic amplitude anomalies and AVO effects. For use in areas without core or log analyses, we developed an empirical relation that can be used to estimate [Formula: see text] in unconsolidated sands and sandstones from [Formula: see text] and the frame P‐wave modulus.

scholarly journals Validation of Selected Non-Destructive Methods for Determining the Compressive Strength of Masonry Units Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Jasiński ◽  
Łukasz Drobiec ◽  
Wojciech Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete ◽  
Aerated Concrete ◽  
Non Destructive

Minor-destructive (MDT) and non-destructive (NDT) techniques are not commonly used for masonry as they are complex and difficult to perform. This paper describes validation of the following methods: semi-non-destructive, non-destructive, and ultrasonic technique for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The subject of this study covers the compressive strength of AAC test elements with declared various density classes of: 400, 500, 600, and 700 (kg/m3), at various moisture levels. Empirical data including the shape and size of specimens, were established from tests on 494 cylindrical and cuboid specimens, and standard cube specimens 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm using the general relationship for ordinary concrete (Neville’s curve). The effect of moisture on AAC was taken into account while determining the strength fBw for 127 standard specimens tested at different levels of water content (w = 100%, 67%, 33%, 23%, and 10%). Defined empirical relations were suitable to correct the compressive strength of dry specimens. For 91 specimens 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, the P-wave velocity cp was tested with the transmission method using the ultrasonic pulse velocity method with exponential transducers. The curve (fBw–cp) for determining the compressive strength of AAC elements with any moisture level (fBw) was established. The developed methods turned out to be statistically significant and can be successfully applied during in-situ tests. Semi-non-destructive testing can be used independently, whereas the non-destructive technique can be only applied when the developed curve fbw–cp is scaled.

An Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test on Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete in Frequency Domains

2014 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jee Sang Kim ◽  
Tae Hong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Existing Structures

The Non-Destructive Test techniques on concrete, which can assess the properties of materials without damages, have been developed as the deteriorations of existing structures increase. Among them, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (USPV) method is widely used because it can investigate the states of one material for a long time and repeatedly. However, there have been few researches on the NDT application to geopolymer concrete which is environment friendly construction material without any cement. This paper investigates the variations of ultrasonic pulse velocity and peak frequency of geopolymer concrete under monotonically increasing loads to assess the material conditions with various compressive strength levels by measuring P-wave signals. The pulse velocities and peak frequencies were higher in high strength geopolymer concrete specimens. There are not explicit relations between strength levels and peak frequencies but the peak frequencies are strongly influenced by the applied stress levels. In addition, a predicting equation for compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is derived based on experimental data in similar form for normal concrete.

scholarly journals Validation of Selected Non-destructive Methods for Determining the Compressive Strength of Masonry Units Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Jasiński ◽  
Łukasz Drobiec ◽  
Wojciech Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete ◽  
Test Elements ◽  
Aerated Concrete ◽  
Non Destructive

Semi-destructive and non-destructive techniques are not commonly used for masonry as they are complex and difficult to perform. This paper describes validation of the following methods: semi-destructive and non-destructive, ultrasonic technique for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The research subject was the compressive strength of AAC test elements with declared various density classes of: 400, 500, 600 and 700 (kg/m3) and various moisture levels. Empirical data including the shape and size of specimens, were established from tests on 494 cylindrical and cuboid specimens, and standard cube specimens 100×100×100 mm using the general relationship for standard concrete (Neville’s curve). The effect of moisture on AAC was taken into account while determining the strength fBw for 127 standard specimens tested at different levels of water content (w = 100%, 67%, 33% 23% and 10%). Defined empirical relations can be used to correct the compressive strength of dry specimens. For 91 specimens 100×100×100 mm, the P-wave velocity cp was tested with the transmission method using using the ultrasonic pulse velocity method with exponential transducers. The curve (fBw – cp) for determining the compressive strength of AAC elements with any moisture level (fBw) was established.

Anisotropy in ultrasonic pulse velocity and dynamic elastic constants of laminated sandstone

2020 ◽  
pp. qjegh2020-101
Author(s):  
Amin Jamshidi ◽  
Mehdi Torabi-Kaveh
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Anisotropic Behaviour ◽  
Increasing Trend

Some rocks of the crust, such as sandstones, contain fabric elements including lamination. In general, these rocks show anisotropic behaviour. In this study, anisotropic behaviour of ultrasonic pulse velocities (Vp and Vs) and dynamic elastic constants (elastic modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (ν)) were investigated for a laminated sandstone. For this purpose, some cylindrical specimens of the sandstone were prepared at angles (β) of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° to lamination direction. The Vp, Vs, E and ν were measured for the specimens for the different β values. The study confirms that anisotropy is one of the most important factors affecting V­, Vs, E and ν. The obtained results reveal that Vp, Vs and E show a decreasing trend with an increase in β from 0° to 90°; whereas ν shows an increasing trend. According to the values of maximum and minimum Vp, Vs, E and ν for different β values, anisotropy ratios for sandstone samples are 1.16, 1.26, 1.52 and 1.15, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that calculated Vp, Vs, E and ν corresponding to different β values are useful for the analysis and design of geotechnical projects in the absence of borehole explorations.

Use of P-Wave Velocity to Estimate the Strength of Hardened Self-Consolidating Concrete

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 1025-1030
Author(s):  
Yi Ching Lin ◽  
Yung Chiang Lin ◽  
Yu Feng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Velocity ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Self Consolidating Concrete ◽  
Impact Echo ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the feasibility of using the P-wave velocity measured by the impact-echo technique to estimate the strength of hardened self-consolidating concrete. The relationship between the through-transmission ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and the strength of high performance concrete was established previously by performing experimental studies on water-cured cylinders made of concrete having variations in water-cementitious amterial ratio and aggregate content. However, the through-transmission UPV measurement is not applicable to concrete elements with only one accessible surface. In this paper, two plate-like specimens were made of self-consolidating concrete and they had different curing conditions. One specimen was immersed in water and the other was covered with wet gunny sack for 7 days. The impact-echo technique, one-sided wave velocity measurement technique, is adopted to determine the P-wave velocity of the plate-like concrete specimens at an age of 28 days. The difference between the impact-echo P-wave velocity (IE-PV) and the through-transmission ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is studied. In addition, the measured IE-PV is used to estimate the strength of the plate-like concrete specimen and the estimated strength is verified by taking cores from the specimen.

Suitability and Variability of Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Concrete Railroad Tie Inspection

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Shafiei ◽  
Kyle A. Riding ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
Chris Christensen ◽  
B. Terry Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Test Method ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Load History ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Impact Echo ◽  
Non Destructive

Concrete railroad ties have been used in increasing numbers in the U.S., particularly in high-speed rail, heavy-haul freight lines, and new track construction because of their reduced deflections, durability, and competitive cost. In-track assessment of concrete railroad ties can be a challenge, however because many exterior tie surfaces are covered by tie pads and rail or ballast. This damage may include concrete section wear from abrasion, cracking, or crumbling, or other types of defects. Damage internal to the concrete can also not be seen visually. The time and cost needed to inspect these tie surfaces means that it is not routinely performed. Non-destructive testing offers promise as a way to assess concrete tie integrity without having to remove ballast, however more information is needed to know how well non-destructive techniques work in detecting damage. Two of the most promising techniques for investigating the integrity of concrete non-destructively are ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact-echo. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and Impact-echo (IE) were applied to investigate the uniformity of concrete railroad tie and its cavities, cracks and defects for concrete ties taken from track after service. This paper evaluated the variability of the test results in UPV and IE testing condition in which two concrete railroad ties with same manufacture and load history condition were tested in both methods. Two additional concrete ties with the same manufacture and load history as each other with visible longitudinal cracks were also examined to see how the damage affected the variability measured. For this purpose, wave pulse for every full length tie from full top, half top, longitude and two sides were measured using ultrasonic pulse (ASTM C597). Also, thickness of concrete ties on both sides, including rail seat location and the middle were assessed by standard tests method for measuring the p-wave speed and the thickness of concrete using the impact-echo method (ASTM C1383). Advice is given on how to interpret ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact-echo measurements and given the variability of the test method how to flag ties for potential deterioration given that most ties in service will not have initial measurements taken before damage for comparison.

PENGKAJIAN KEKUATAN BETON STRUKTUR JEMBATAN PASCA KEBAKARAN

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarmadi Sudarmadi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Concrete Compressive Strength ◽  
Strength Assessment ◽  
Concrete Testing

In this paper a case study about concrete strength assessment of bridge structure experiencing fire is discussed. Assessment methods include activities of visual inspection, concrete testing by Hammer Test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test, and Core Test. Then, test results are compared with the requirement of RSNI T-12-2004. Test results show that surface concrete at the location of fire deteriorates so that its quality is decreased into the category of Very Poor with ultrasonic pulse velocity ranges between 1,14 – 1,74 km/s. From test results also it can be known that concrete compressive strength of inner part of bridge pier ranges about 267 – 274 kg/cm2 and concrete compressive strength of beam and plate experiencing fire directly is about 173 kg/cm2 and 159 kg/cm2. It can be concluded that surface concrete strength at the location of fire does not meet the requirement of RSNI T-12-2004. So, repair on surface concrete of pier, beam, and plate at the location of fire is required.

scholarly journals Correlation between Uniaxial Compression Test and Ultrasonic Pulse Rate in Cement with Different Pozzolanic Additions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3747
Author(s):  
Leticia Presa ◽  
Jorge L. Costafreda ◽  
Domingo Alfonso Martín
Keyword(s):  
Compression Test ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Uniaxial Compression Test ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Pozzolanic Cement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Compression Resistance

This work aims to study the relationship between the compression resistance and velocity from ultrasonic pulses in samples of mortars with 25% of pozzolanic content. Pozzolanic cement is a low-priced sustainable material that can reduce costs and CO2 emissions that are produced in the manufacturing of cement from the calcination of calcium carbonate. Using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) to estimate the compressive resistance of mortars with pozzolanic content reduces costs when evaluating the quality of structures built with this material since it is not required to perform an unconfined compression test. The objective of this study is to establish a correlation in order to estimate the compression resistance of this material from its ultrasonic pulse velocity. For this purpose, we studied a total of 16 cement samples, including those with additions of pozzolanic content with different compositions and a sample without any additions. The results obtained show the mentioned correlation, which establishes a basis for research with a higher number of samples to ascertain if it holds true at greater curing ages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document