Imaging with deep‐water multiples

Geophysics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1081-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund C. Reiter ◽  
M. Nafi Toksöz ◽  
Timothy H. Keho ◽  
G. M. Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Surface Source ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
True Path ◽  
Air Gun ◽  
Useful Signal

Acquisition of on‐bottom hydrophone data recording of a near‐surface source provides an opportunity to treat water column multiples as useful signal. A ray‐equation based Kirchhoff depth migration is used to image primary reflections and deep‐water multiples recorded on an Ocean Bottom Hydrophone (OBH). The image of the subbottom sediments is shown to be improved by inclusion of the deep‐water multiple in the imaging process. Field data, jointly acquired by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and University of Texas Institute for Geophysics at Austin and consisting of an OBH (2300 m depth) recording a 10 800 cubic inch air gun array, are used to illustrate the feasibility of the technique. Images are obtained from both the primary reflections and from energy that has undergone an additional passage through the water column. Comparison of these images reveals an excellent correlation of reflectors with the predicted polarity reversal observed in the multiple’s image. Synthetic data are used to examine the difficulties in identifying the true path of the water column multiple. For flat‐layered media there are two different multiple paths — one that reflects beneath the source and one that reflects over the receiver — which have identical traveltimes. They do not, however, have the same amplitude, and it can be shown that their amplitudes differ sufficiently to allow a reliable image to be extracted from the energy that reflects over the receiver. As a final step, the image obtained from the multiple is corrected for the π phase shift from the free surface and added to the image from the primary reflection. This approach is limited to areas where water depths allow reliable separation of primary reflections from water column multiples. Application of this technique allows the utilization of coherent deep water multiples and results in both extended lateral coverage and an increased signal‐to‐noise ratio in the final image.

A robust first-arrival picking workflow using convolutional and recurrent neural networks

Geophysics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. U109-U119
Author(s):  
Pengyu Yuan ◽  
Shirui Wang ◽  
Wenyi Hu ◽  
Xuqing Wu ◽  
Jiefu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Segmentation Boundary ◽  
First Arrival

A deep-learning-based workflow is proposed in this paper to solve the first-arrival picking problem for near-surface velocity model building. Traditional methods, such as the short-term average/long-term average method, perform poorly when the signal-to-noise ratio is low or near-surface geologic structures are complex. This challenging task is formulated as a segmentation problem accompanied by a novel postprocessing approach to identify pickings along the segmentation boundary. The workflow includes three parts: a deep U-net for segmentation, a recurrent neural network (RNN) for picking, and a weight adaptation approach to be generalized for new data sets. In particular, we have evaluated the importance of selecting a proper loss function for training the network. Instead of taking an end-to-end approach to solve the picking problem, we emphasize the performance gain obtained by using an RNN to optimize the picking. Finally, we adopt a simple transfer learning scheme and test its robustness via a weight adaptation approach to maintain the picking performance on new data sets. Our tests on synthetic data sets reveal the advantage of our workflow compared with existing deep-learning methods that focus only on segmentation performance. Our tests on field data sets illustrate that a good postprocessing picking step is essential for correcting the segmentation errors and that the overall workflow is efficient in minimizing human interventions for the first-arrival picking task.

Estimation of near‐surface elastic parameters using multicomponent seismic data

Geophysics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1017-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Z. Ata ◽  
D. Corrigan ◽  
G. A. McMechan ◽  
J. E. Gaiser
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Surface Effects ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Compressional Wave ◽  
Elastic Parameters ◽  
Surface Source ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Multicomponent Seismic ◽  
Single Fold

In multicomponent seismic reflection surveys, surface and near‐surface effects can severely deteriorate the quality of reflection data. Such effects are more pronounced on shear‐wave than on compressional‐wave profiles. Amplitude anomalies, statics, and strong coherent source‐generated noise (i.e., surface waves) are often associated with inhomogeneous, poorly compacted near‐surface sediments of the weathering layer. The magnitude of such effects increases when sources and receivers are deployed at or near the surface in proximity to such inhomogeneities. Near‐surface effects can be investigated with respect to their depth of occurrence by burying seismic sources and/or receivers at various depths below the inhomogeneous weathering layer. In this context, an experiment was conducted to collect multicomponent seismic field data on a borehole‐controlled test site in east Texas. Data were recorded on three‐component surface and buried receivers using a full‐vector wavefield surface source. Although the geology appears simple, results of modeling one or two components of the field data with synthetics yields nonunique estimates of elastic parameters. Effects of anisotropy and heterogeneities are better identified and estimated with full‐wavefield surface and buried receiver observations. Single fold data from buried receivers yield reflection events with higher signal‐to‐noise ratio than 30‐fold CDP surface data previously acquired in the same area.

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 124311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Nan Wu ◽  
Shi-Hong Zhou ◽  
Zhao-Hui Peng ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Ren-He Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Surface Source ◽  
Near Surface

scholarly journals The influence of near surface sediment hydrothermalism on the TEX<sub>86</sub> tetraether lipid-based proxy and a new correction for ocean bottom lipid overprinting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy N. Bentley ◽  
Gregory T. Ventura ◽  
Clifford C. Walters ◽  
Stefan M. Sievert ◽  
Jeffrey S. Seewald
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Lipid Pool ◽  
Geochemical Variations ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. The diversity and relative abundances of tetraether lipids produced by Thaumarchaeota in soils and sediments increasingly is used to assess environmental change. For instance, the TetraEther indeX of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86), based on archaeal isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (iGDGT) lipids, is frequently applied to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures (SST). Yet, it is unknown how the ratio fully responds to environmental and or geochemical variations and if the produced signals are the adaptive response by Thaumarchaeota to climate driven temperature changes in the upper water column. We present the results of a four push-core transect study of surface sediments collected along an environmental gradient at the Cathedral Hill hydrothermal vent system in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. The transect crosses a region where advecting hydrothermal fluids reach 155 °C within the upper 21 cm below the seafloor (cmbsf) close to the vent center to near ambient conditions at the vent periphery. The recovered iGDGTs closest to the vent center experienced high rates of turnover with up to 94 % of lipid pool being lost within the upper 21 cmbsf. Here, we show that turnover is non-selective across TEX86 GDGT lipid classes and does not independently affect the ratio. However, as evident by TEX86 ratios being highly correlated to the Cathedral Hill vent sediment porewater temperatures (R2 = 0.84), the ratio can be strongly impacted by the combination of severe lipid loss when it is coupled to the addition of in situ iGDGT production from archaeal communities living in the vent sediments. The resulting signal overprint produces absolute temperature offsets of up to 4 °C based on the TEX86H-calibration relative to modern climate records of the region. The overprint is also striking given the flux of GDGTs from the upper water column that is estimated to represent ~93 % of the combined intact polar lipid (IPL) and core GDGT lipid pool initially deposited on the seafloor. A model to correct the overprint signal using IPLs is therefore presented that can similarly be applied to all near-surface marine sediment systems where calibration models or climate reconstructions are made based on the TEX86 measure.

Benthic foraminiferal zonation in deep-water carbonate platform margin environments, northern Little Bahama Bank

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Sediment Gravity Flows ◽  
Gravity Flows ◽  
Platform Margin ◽  
Water Carbonate

The utility of benthic foraminifera in bathymetric interpretation of clastic depositional environments is well established. In contrast, bathymetric distribution of benthic foraminifera in deep-water carbonate environments has been largely neglected. Approximately 260 species and morphotypes of benthic foraminifera were identified from 12 piston core tops and grab samples collected along two traverses 25 km apart across the northern windward margin of Little Bahama Bank at depths of 275-1,135 m. Certain species and operational taxonomic groups of benthic foraminifera correspond to major near-surface sedimentary facies of the windward margin of Little Bahama Bank and serve as reliable depth indicators. Globocassidulina subglobosa, Cibicides rugosus, and Cibicides wuellerstorfi are all reliable depth indicators, being most abundant at depths &gt;1,000 m, and are found in lower slope periplatform aprons, which are primarily comprised of sediment gravity flows. Reef-dwelling peneroplids and soritids (suborder Miliolina) and rotaliines (suborder Rotaliina) are most abundant at depths &lt;300 m, reflecting downslope bottom transport in proximity to bank-margin reefs. Small miliolines, rosalinids, and discorbids are abundant in periplatform ooze at depths &lt;300 m and are winnowed from the carbonate platform. Increased variation in assemblage diversity below 900 m reflects mixing of shallow- and deep-water species by sediment gravity flows.

scholarly journals Quaternion Processing Techniques for Color Synthesized NDT Thermography

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Pablo Venegas ◽  
Rubén Usamentiaga ◽  
Juan Perán ◽  
Idurre Sáez de Ocáriz
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Characterization Procedure ◽  
Processing Techniques

Infrared thermography is a widely used technology that has been successfully applied to many and varied applications. These applications include the use as a non-destructive testing tool to assess the integrity state of materials. The current level of development of this application is high and its effectiveness is widely verified. There are application protocols and methodologies that have demonstrated a high capacity to extract relevant information from the captured thermal signals and guarantee the detection of anomalies in the inspected materials. However, there is still room for improvement in certain aspects, such as the increase of the detection capacity and the definition of a detailed characterization procedure of indications, that must be investigated further to reduce uncertainties and optimize this technology. In this work, an innovative thermographic data analysis methodology is proposed that extracts a greater amount of information from the recorded sequences by applying advanced processing techniques to the results. The extracted information is synthesized into three channels that may be represented through real color images and processed by quaternion algebra techniques to improve the detection level and facilitate the classification of defects. To validate the proposed methodology, synthetic data and actual experimental sequences have been analyzed. Seven different definitions of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) have been used to assess the increment in the detection capacity, and a generalized application procedure has been proposed to extend their use to color images. The results verify the capacity of this methodology, showing significant increments in the SNR compared to conventional processing techniques in thermographic NDT.

The shape of things to come — Development and testing of a new marine vibrator source

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 680-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Teyssandier ◽  
John J. Sallas
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Source ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Air Gun ◽  
Seismic Image ◽  
Field Radiation ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
To Come

Ten years ago, CGG launched a project to develop a new concept of marine vibrator (MV) technology. We present our work, concluding with the successful acquisition of a seismic image using an ocean-bottom-node 2D survey. The expectation for MV technology is that it could reduce ocean exposure to seismic source sound, enable new acquisition solutions, and improve seismic data quality. After consideration of our objectives in terms of imaging, productivity, acoustic efficiency, and operational risk, we developed two spectrally complementary prototypes to cover the seismic bandwidth. In practice, an array composed of several MV units is needed for images of comparable quality to those produced from air-gun data sets. Because coupling to the water is invariant, MV signals tend to be repeatable. Since far-field pressure is directly proportional to piston volumetric acceleration, the far-field radiation can be well controlled through accurate piston motion control. These features allow us to shape signals to match precisely a desired spectrum while observing equipment constraints. Over the last few years, an intensive validation process was conducted at our dedicated test facility. The MV units were exposed to 2000 hours of in-sea testing with only minor technical issues.

Regularization and datuming of seismic data by weighted, damped least squares

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. U67-U76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Irregular Sampling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Damped Least Squares ◽  
Wavefield Extrapolation

The possibility of improving regularization/datuming of seismic data is investigated by treating wavefield extrapolation as an inversion problem. Weighted, damped least squares is then used to produce the regularized/datumed wavefield. Regularization/datuming is extremely costly because of computing the Hessian, so an efficient approximation is introduced. Approximation is achieved by computing a limited number of diagonals in the operators involved. Real and synthetic data examples demonstrate the utility of this approach. For synthetic data, regularization/datuming is demonstrated for large extrapolation distances using a highly irregular recording array. Without approximation, regularization/datuming returns a regularized wavefield with reduced operator artifacts when compared to a nonregularizing method such as generalized phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI). Approximate regularization/datuming returns a regularized wavefield for approximately two orders of magnitude less in cost; but it is dip limited, though in a controllable way, compared to the full method. The Foothills structural data set, a freely available data set from the Rocky Mountains of Canada, demonstrates application to real data. The data have highly irregular sampling along the shot coordinate, and they suffer from significant near-surface effects. Approximate regularization/datuming returns common receiver data that are superior in appearance compared to conventional datuming.

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