scholarly journals Practical implementation of three‐dimensional poststack depth migration

Geophysics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Reshef ◽  
David Kessler

This work deals with the practical aspects of three‐dimensional (3-D) poststack depth migration. A method, based on depth extrapolation in the frequency domain, is used for the migration. This method is suitable for structures with arbitrary velocity variation, and the number of computations required can be directly related to the complexity of the given velocity function. We demonstrate the superior computational efficiency of this method for 3-D depth migration relative to the reverse‐time migration method. The computational algorithm used for the migration is designed for a multi‐processor machine (Cray-XMP/48) and takes advantage of advanced disk technologies to overcome the input/output (I/O) problem. The method is demonstrated with both synthetic and field data. The migration of a typical 3-D data volume can be accomplished in only a few hours.

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. S469-S475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto da Costa Filho ◽  
Andrew Curtis

The objective of prestack depth migration is to position reflectors at their correct subsurface locations. However, migration methods often also generate artifacts along with physical reflectors, which hamper interpretation. These spurious reflectors often appear at different spatial locations in the image depending on which migration method is used. Therefore, we have devised a postimaging filter that combines two imaging conditions to preserve their similarities and to attenuate their differences. The imaging filter is based on combining the two constituent images and their envelopes that were obtained from the complex vertical traces of the images. We have used the method to combine two images resulting from different migration schemes, which produce dissimilar artifacts: a conventional migration method (equivalent to reverse time migration) and a deconvolution-based imaging method. We show how this combination may be exploited to attenuate migration artifacts in a final image. A synthetic model containing a syncline and stochastically generated small-scale heterogeneities in the velocity and density distributions was used for the numerical example. We compared the images in detail at two locations where spurious events arose and also at a true reflector. We found that the combined imaging condition has significantly fewer artifacts than either constituent image individually.


Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. VE211-VE216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobus Buur ◽  
Thomas Kühnel

Many production targets in greenfield exploration are found in salt provinces, which have highly complex structures as a result of salt formation over geologic time. Difficult geologic settings, steep dips, and other wave-propagation effects make reverse-time migration (RTM) the migration method of choice, rather than Kirchhoff migration or other (by definition approximate) one-way equation methods. Imaging of the subsurface using any depth-migration algorithm can be done successfully only when the quality of the prior velocity model is sufficient. The (velocity) model-building loop is an iterative procedure for improving the velocity model. This is done by obtaining certain measurements (residual moveout) on image gathers generated during the migration procedure; those measurements then are input into tomographic updating. Commonly RTM is applied around salt bodies, where building the velocity model fails essentially because tomography is ray-trace based. Our idea is to apply RTM directly inside the model-building loop but to do so without using the image gathers. Although the process is costly, we migrate the full frequency content of the data to create a high-quality stack. This enhances the interpretation of top and bottom salt significantly and enables us to include the resulting salt geometry in the velocity model properly. We demonstrate our idea on a 2D West Africa seismic line. After several model-building iterations, the result is a dramatically improved velocity model. With such a good model as input, the final RTM confirms the geometry of the salt bodies and basically the salt interpretation, and yields a compelling image of the subsurface.


Geophysics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1514-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edip Baysal ◽  
Dan D. Kosloff ◽  
John W. C. Sherwood

Migration of stacked or zero‐offset sections is based on deriving the wave amplitude in space from wave field observations at the surface. Conventionally this calculation has been carried out through a depth extrapolation. We examine the alternative of carrying out the migration through a reverse time extrapolation. This approach may offer improvements over existing migration methods, especially in cases of steeply dipping structures with strong velocity contrasts. This migration method is tested using appropriate synthetic data sets.


Geophysics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengxin Dong ◽  
George A. McMechan

A three‐dimensional (3-D) prestack reverse‐time migration algorithm for common‐source P‐wave data from anisotropic media is developed and illustrated by application to synthetic data. Both extrapolation of the data and computation of the excitation‐time imaging condition are implemented using a second‐order finite‐ difference solution of the 3-D anisotropic scalar‐wave equation. Poorly focused, distorted images are obtained if data from anisotropic media are migrated using isotropic extrapolation; well focused, clear images are obtained using anisotropic extrapolation. A priori estimation of the 3-D anisotropic velocity distribution is required. Zones of anomalous, directionally dependent reflectivity associated with anisotropic fracture zones are detectable in both the 3-D common‐ source data and the corresponding migrated images.


Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. S81-S93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Popov ◽  
Nikolay M. Semtchenok ◽  
Peter M. Popov ◽  
Arie R. Verdel

Seismic depth migration aims to produce an image of seismic reflection interfaces. Ray methods are suitable for subsurface target-oriented imaging and are less costly compared to two-way wave-equation-based migration, but break down in cases when a complex velocity structure gives rise to the appearance of caustics. Ray methods also have difficulties in correctly handling the different branches of the wavefront that result from wave propagation through a caustic. On the other hand, migration methods based on the two-way wave equation, referred to as reverse-time migration, are known to be capable of dealing with these problems. However, they are very expensive, especially in the 3D case. It can be prohibitive if many iterations are needed, such as for velocity-model building. Our method relies on the calculation of the Green functions for the classical wave equation by per-forming a summation of Gaussian beams for the direct and back-propagated wavefields. The subsurface image is obtained by cal-culating the coherence between the direct and backpropagated wavefields. To a large extent, our method combines the advantages of the high computational speed of ray-based migration with the high accuracy of reverse-time wave-equation migration because it can overcome problems with caustics, handle all arrivals, yield good images of steep flanks, and is readily extendible to target-oriented implementation. We have demonstrated the quality of our method with several state-of-the-art benchmark subsurface models, which have velocity variations up to a high degree of complexity. Our algorithm is especially suited for efficient imaging of selected subsurface subdomains, which is a large advantage particularly for 3D imaging and velocity-model refinement applications such as subsalt velocity-model improvement. Because our method is also capable of providing highly accurate migration results in structurally complex subsurface settings, we have also included the concept of true-amplitude imaging in our migration technique.


Geophysics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oong K. Youn ◽  
Hua‐wei Zhou

Depth imaging with multiples is a prestack depth migration method that uses multiples as the signal for more accurate boundary mapping and amplitude recovery. The idea is partially related to model‐based multiple‐suppression techniques and reverse‐time depth migration. Conventional reverse‐time migration uses the two‐way wave equation for the backward wave propagation of recorded seismic traces and ray tracing or the eikonal equation for the forward traveltime computation (the excitation‐time imaging principle). Consequently, reverse‐time migration differs little from most other one‐way wave equation or ray‐tracing migration methods which expect only primary reflection events. Because it is almost impossible to attenuate multiples without degrading primaries, there has been a compelling need to devise a tool to use multiples constructively in data processing rather than attempting to destroy them. Furthermore, multiples and other nonreflecting wave types can enhance boundary imaging and amplitude recovery if a full two‐way wave equation is used for migration. The new approach solves the two‐way wave equation for both forward and backward directions of wave propagation using a finite‐difference technique. Thus, it handles all types of acoustic waves such as reflection (primary and multiples), refraction, diffraction, transmission, and any combination of these waves. During the imaging process, all these different types of wavefields collapse at the boundaries where they are generated or altered. The process goes through four main steps. First, a source function (wavelet) marches forward using the full two‐way scalar wave equation from a source location toward all directions. Second, the recorded traces in a shot gather march backward using the full two‐way scalar wave equation from all receiver points in the gather toward all directions. Third, the two forward‐ and backward‐propagated wavefields are correlated and summed for all time indices. And fourth, a Laplacian image reconstruction operator is applied to the correlated image frame. This technique can be applied to all types of seismic data: surface seismic, vertical seismic profile (VSP), crosswell seismic, vertical cable seismic, ocean‐bottom cable (OBC) seismic, etc. Because it migrates all wave types, the input data require no or minimal preprocessing (demultiple should not be done, but near‐surface or acquisition‐related problems might need to be corrected). Hence, it is only a one‐step process from the raw field gathers to a final depth image. External noise in the raw data will not correlate with the forward wavefield except for some coincidental matching; therefore, it is usually unnecessary to do signal enhancement processing before the depth imaging with multiples. The input velocity model could be acquired from various methods such as iterative focusing analysis or tomography, as in other prestack depth migration methods. The new method has been applied to data sets from a simple multiple‐generating model, the Marmousi model, and a real offset VSP. The results show accurate imaging of primaries and multiples with overall significant improvements over conventionally imaged sections.


2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Protásio Nery Andrade ◽  
Reynam Cruz Pestana ◽  
Daniel E. Revelo

ABSTRACT.  This paper proposes and describes the implementation of a new depth migration method in the frequency domain. The method, based in the reverse time migration (RTM) technique, extrapolates wavefields from the source and receivers to obtain migrated seismic images that are built directly into the frequency domain. In the proposed method, wavefields are propagated in the time domain and are then transformed into the frequency domain at each time extrapolation step through the discrete Fourier transform. Neither the forward nor backward wavefield is needed to be stored in memory or read from disk storage. To speed up the migration algorithm, the discrete Fourier transform kernel for each frequency is computed and salved before the time extrapolation procedure. At the imaging condition phase, both source and receiver wavefields are at the same frequency, so that, the construction of the image occurs by multiplying the forward source propagated wavefield with the backward propagated of the receivers wavefield for each frequency component. Subsequently, saving the source field at each step to later correlate it with the backpropagated receiver wave field, usually done in conventional RTM, becomes unnecessary. Nor is it necessary to invert a matrix for each frequency component, which is done in the migration technique that uses the Helmholtz equation solution in the frequency domain. Thus, the migration procedure in the frequency domain being proposed is more efficient from a computational point of view, and can also produce high quality migrated images as those produced by conventional RTM. The rapid expansion method (REM) is used for seismic forward modeling, which extrapolated data with good precision and free of numerical dispersion. Thus, with the transformed data at each step in the frequency domain, it is possible to construct high quality, in-depth seismic images at a lower computational cost. Moreover, this frequency domain migration with REM is an atractive strategy to design robust inverse algorithms, especially for 3D problems. To demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method, two synthetic models were used and their results showed high quality images equivalent to those obtained by conventional RTM and thus proving the vality of the method. Keywords: wave equation migration, depth migration, imaging condition, frequency domain migration. RESUMO. Um método de migração em profundidade no domínio da frequência é proposto e implementado. O método consiste na extrapolação dos campos de ondas da fonte e dos receptores e baseia-se na técnica de migração reversa no tempo (da sigla em inglês, RTM), obtendo imagens sísmicas migradas, construídas diretamente no domínio da frequência. No método que estamos propondo, os campos de ondas são propagados no domínio do tempo e a cada passo de extrapolação são transformados para o domínio da frequência, através da transformada de Fourier discreta (do inglês, on-the-fly transform). Para acelerar o algoritmo de migração, o kernel da transformada de Fourier é calculado fora do loop do tempo. Além disso, na etapa de condição da imagem, os campos de onda, tanto da fonte como dos receptores, são calculados no mesmo instante de tempo, ou seja, a construção da imagem se dá através da multiplicação do campo de onda da fonte com o campo retropropagado dos receptores, para cada componente de frequência. Portanto, não precisamos salvar o campo da fonte a cada passo no tempo para posteriormente correlacionar com o campo de onda retropropagado dos receptores, como é usualmente feito na RTM convencional, nem é preciso inverter uma matriz para cada componente de frequência, como é realizado normalmente pela técnica de migração no domínio da frequência, utilizando a solução da equação de Helmholtz. Desta forma, o procedimento de migração no domínio da frequência que estamos propondo se torna mais eficiente do ponto de vista computacional, podendo produzir imagens migradas de alta qualidade, quando comparadas às obtidas através da RTM convencional no domínio do tempo. Para a extrapolação dos campos de ondas no tempo foi empregado o método de expansão rápida (da sigla em inglês, REM), que permite a extrapolação dos dados com boa precisão e livres de dispersão numérica. Desta forma, com os dados transformados para o domínio da frequência, a cada passo no tempo, é possível a construção de imagens sísmicas em profundidade de boa qualidade e a um menor custo computacional. Para demonstrar a eficiência e aplicabilidade do método proposto, dois modelos sintéticos foram usados e seus resultados apresentaram imagens de alta qualidade equivalentes às obtidas pela RTM convencional. Palavras-chave: equação de migração da onda, migração, condição de imagem, migração no domínio da frequência.


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