The effect of geophone arrays on random noise

Geophysics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1466-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklyn K. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Plane Surface ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Signal Ratio ◽  
Sh Waves ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
A Value ◽  
Small Influence ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Geophone Spacing ◽  
The Individual

For spatially random noise consisting of plane surface waves arriving at a geophone from all directions with equal probability, I compute the noise‐to‐signal ratio (N/S) as a function of the ratio of geophone spacing Δ to noise wavelength λ for linear arrays of 12, 24, 36, and 72 vertical and horizontal geophones. For arrays of M vertical geophones, deviation of N/S from that for pure random noise, [Formula: see text] is marked. As Δ/λ increases, N/S decreases, attaining [Formula: see text] for a value of Δ/λ that defines a coherence distance. As Δ/λ increases beyond the coherence distance, N/S continues to decrease slightly, only to increase again as Δ/λ approaches unity. For linear arrays of 12 to 72 vertical geophones, Δ/λ at the coherence distance is nearly independent of M and is about 0.32. The value of Δ/λ for which N/S = 0.5 changes with M but L/λ, L being the array length defined as MΔ, is independent of M. Introducing a random 14 percent variation into the sensitivities of the individual geophones has a small influence on the coherence distance and the N/S = 0.5 point when the N/S curves for 50 arrays are summed. Introducing a random 14 percent variation into the spatial coordinates of the geophones changes the coherence distance and 0.5 point only slightly but reduces the amount by which N/S fails below [Formula: see text] For arrays of horizontal geophones, there are two N/S curves depending upon whether the horizontal motion is in the plane of incidence of the signal (SV waves) or perpendicular to the plane of incidence (SH waves). Due to the superdirectivity of the array, N/S for SV waves incident on an SV‐wave geophone array is very small for values of Δ/λ greater than about 0.1. The N/S curves for SH waves incident on an SV‐wave array resemble those for the arrays of vertical geophones. Again there is a coherence distance, but the Δ/λ value is twice that for the vertical geophones, indicating the geophones should be separated by about two‐thirds of a wavelength.

The Students Value Attitude to Healthy Lifestyle

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Marina Anatolevna Mefodeva ◽  
Gulnara Firdusovna Valieva
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The relevance of the investigated problem is caused by the increased attention to the issues of a healthy lifestyle among students in Russia. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle, taking into account the individual interests and preferences of students can be embodied not only in the class but also in the framework of elective programs and courses, that are targeted on a healthy lifestyle. The authors reveal approaches, principles and pedagogical conditions for having a healthy lifestyle in the framework of training in educational institutions. The issues of bad habits influence the development and formation of a value attitude to a healthy lifestyle are considered.

scholarly journals The comparison of the scores obtained by Bayesian nonparametric model and classical test theory methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 003685042110283
Author(s):  
Meltem Yurtcu ◽  
Hülya Kelecioglu ◽  
Edward L Boone
Keyword(s):  
Classical Test Theory ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Nonparametric Model ◽  
Bayesian Nonparametric ◽  
Test Equating ◽  
Classical Test ◽  
A Value ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
The Individual

Bayesian Nonparametric (BNP) modelling can be used to obtain more detailed information in test equating studies and to increase the accuracy of equating by accounting for covariates. In this study, two covariates are included in the equating under the Bayes nonparametric model, one is continuous, and the other is discrete. Scores equated with this model were obtained for a single group design for a small group in the study. The equated scores obtained with the model were compared with the mean and linear equating methods in the Classical Test Theory. Considering the equated scores obtained from three different methods, it was found that the equated scores obtained with the BNP model produced a distribution closer to the target test. Even the classical methods will give a good result with the smallest error when using a small sample, making equating studies valuable. The inclusion of the covariates in the model in the classical test equating process is based on some assumptions and cannot be achieved especially using small groups. The BNP model will be more beneficial than using frequentist methods, regardless of this limitation. Information about booklets and variables can be obtained from the distributors and equated scores that obtained with the BNP model. In this case, it makes it possible to compare sub-categories. This can be expressed as indicating the presence of differential item functioning (DIF). Therefore, the BNP model can be used actively in test equating studies, and it provides an opportunity to examine the characteristics of the individual participants at the same time. Thus, it allows test equating even in a small sample and offers the opportunity to reach a value closer to the scores in the target test.

scholarly journals On “Nationology”: The Gravitational Field of National Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110447
Author(s):  
Plamen Akaliyski ◽  
Christian Welzel ◽  
Michael Harris Bond ◽  
Michael Minkov
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Phenomenon ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Nations have been questioned as meaningful units for analyzing culture due to their allegedly limited variance-capturing power and large internal heterogeneity. Against this skepticism, we argue that culture is by definition a collective phenomenon and focusing on individual differences contradicts the very concept of culture. Through the “miracle of aggregation,” we can eliminate random noise and arbitrary variation at the individual level in order to distill the central cultural tendencies of nations. Accordingly, we depict national culture as a gravitational field that socializes individuals into the orbit of a nation’s central cultural tendency. Even though individuals are also exposed to other gravitational forces, subcultures in turn gravitate within the limited orbit of their national culture. Using data from the World Values Survey, we show that individual values cluster in concentric circles around their nation’s cultural gravity center. We reveal the miracle of aggregation by demonstrating that nations capture the bulk of the variation in the individuals’ cultural values once they are aggregated into lower-level territorial units such as towns and sub-national regions. We visualize the gravitational force of national cultures by plotting various intra-national groups from five large countries that form distinct national clusters. Contrary to many scholars’ intuitions, alternative social aggregates, such as ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, as well as diverse socio-demographic categories, add negligible explained variance to that already captured by nations.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SANKSI PERPAJAKAN DAN KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI DI MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfin Siamena ◽  
Harijanto Sabijono ◽  
Jessy D.L Warongan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
T Test ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Compliance Issue ◽  
Research Analysis

The number of taxpayers from year to year increases. But the increase in the number of taxpayers is not offset by taxpayer compliance in paying taxes. The compliance issue becomes an obstacle in maximizing tax revenues. This study aims to analyze the effect of tax sanctions and taxpayer awareness on the compliance of individual taxpayers. The population of this study is determined based on purposive sampling method, the data collected by division of questionnaires in KPP Pratama Manado. The method of research analysis used is multiple linear regression. based on the result of t test, it can be concluded that the tax sanction has positive and significant effect on the taxpayer compliance of the individual, with the value of significance smaller than the significant value (0.001 < 0.05), the consciousness of the taxpayer positively and significantly influence the compliance personal taxpayer, this is indicated by a value of significance smaller than the significant value (0.003 < 0.05).Keywords :Tax sanctions, Taxpayer awareness, Personal taxpayer compliance

scholarly journals THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCHING THE PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY OF STUDENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
G.Yа. Grevtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Program Design ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Activity Program ◽  
The Social ◽  
Professional Mobility ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Individual

The article reveals the relevance of the social mobility formation. The positions of scientists on the problem of the development of professional mobility of the individual are revealed. It is indicated that mobility is a value and a factor in the socialization of future specialists. Methodological approaches, pedagogical conditions and factors infl uencing the formation of professional mobility, as well as the possibilities of the educational environment, youth and student associations are highlighted. The author points out the importance of synergetic, creative-activity, program-design, resource, competence-based approaches and pedagogical technologies in the formation of professional mobility of students.

scholarly journals XXV.—On the Influence of Weather upon Disease and Mortality

1863 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Scoresby-Jackson
Keyword(s):  
External Force ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

The subject to which I have to invite the attention of the Society this evening is one of no modern origin, the name of Hippocrates, amongst others of the fathers of medicine, being commonly associated with it. There is, indeed, perhaps no branch of medical inquiry whose history dips more deeply into the obscure pages of antiquity. The influence of weather upon disease and mortality has been acknowledged as a potent external force in every age, from that eminently speculative and credulous period when physicians professed to receive their diagnostic as well as their therapeutic inspirations from the stars, down to our own day. And yet there is perhaps no question in the whole cycle of medical sciences which has made slower progress than the one we have now to consider. People believe that the weather affects them. They speak of its influence, sometimes commendingly, more frequently with censure, on the most trivial occasions; but beyond a few commonplace ideas, the result of careless observation, or perhaps acquired only traditionally, they seldom seek a closer acquaintance with the subject. Our language teems with medico-meteorological apophthegms, but they are notoriously vague. The words which are most commonly employed to signify the state of the weather at any given time, possess a value relative only to the sensations of the individual uttering them. The general and convertible terms—bitter, raw, cold, severe, bleak, inclement, or fine and bracing, convey no definite idea of the condition of the weather; nay, it is quite possible that we may hear these several expressions used by different persons with reference to the weather of one and the same place and point of time. In order, then, to render medico-meteorological researches more trustworthy, we must be careful to employ, in the expression of facts, such symbols only as have a corresponding value in every nation.

scholarly journals The straggling of β-particles

1929 ◽  
Vol 125 (798) ◽  
pp. 420-445 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Theory ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Particles ◽  
Α Particles

When a beam of electric particles is passed through a sheet of matter the energy of the individual particles is reduced. The loss of energy is not the same for all the particles so that particles incident on the foil with the same energy emerge with different energies. This dispersion of the energy caused by the foil is known as the "straggling" of the particles. The straggling of α-particles has been the subject of several experimental investigations, and the theory in this case was adequately developed by Bohr in 1915. In the case of β-particles, however, the straggling was not experimentally investigated until quite recently and no theoretical treatment of the phenomenon has been given, the calculations of Bohr being, as he showed, applicable only to α-particles. The purpose of the work described in this paper is to develop a theory of the straggling of β-particles by thin foils and by means of it to interpret the results of experiment. The paper is arranged as follows. In 2 an account is given of the state of the experimental work on the subject, and in particular the effect of the complications introduced by "scattering" are considered. The formula derived by Bohr for the straggling of electric particles is given in 3 and its inapplicability to β-particles demonstrated. The present calculations of the straggling of β-particles are given in 4. The theory of the straggling of electric particles resolves itself into two parts. The first deals with the dynamics of collisions between electric particles and atoms, and is the same whether we are concerned with the straggling or some other phenomena such as ionisation of "stopping power." This may be called the fundamental theory and its requirements may be summarised in the function ϕ (Q) which express the frequency of collisions in which the electric particle loses energy of amount Q. The second part of the theory is the process of calculating the straggling by means of probability theory from the function ϕ . This may be regarded as the straggling theory proper and it is the main subject of 4. When the present calculations were started it was intended to calculate the straggling on the basis of classical theory only, the value of the function ϕ on this theory being definitely known. However, after some practice with the type of calculation involved it was decided to calculate the straggling for other forms of ϕ . From the results obtained it is possible to deduce the straggling corresponding to any form which ϕ may reasonably have, and if a new theory leads to a value of ϕ different from the classical value, the straggling on the new theory may readily be determined. Alternatively this fuller treatment may be used for the reverse process of calculating from the observed straggling the value of ϕ to which it corresponds. This is considered to be the most convenient procedure and in 5 the form of ϕ which explains the experimental results is deduced. this is compared in 6 with the value of ϕ on classical theory. A brief outline is given in 7 of certain new ideas concerning the nature of collisions of electric particles with electrons and atoms.

Heroic leadership illusions in football teams: Rationality, decision making and noise-signal ratio in the firing of football managers

Leadership ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ketil Arnulf ◽  
John Erik Mathisen ◽  
Thorvald Hærem
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Team Leadership ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Signal Ratio ◽  
Management Positions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Similar to practices in top management positions worldwide, there has been an increasing tendency in recent decades to fire football managers when the team does not perform to the stakeholders' expectations. Previous research has suggested that improvements after change of manager are a statistical artefact. Based on 12 years of data from the Norwegian Premier League, we conduct a natural experiment showing what would have taken place if the manager had not been fired. In this case, the performance might have improved just as well and even quicker. Building on theories in expertise and decision making, we explore the data and argue that decision makers may be fooled by randomness and learn wrong lessons about team leadership. Our analyses support a post-heroic view of team leadership as an emergent, output variable. Exaggerated focus on the individual manager may ruin long-term performance. Practical implications are discussed.

RESEARCH METHODS FOR STUDYING EVALUATION: ACADEMIC DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
А.А. Водяницкая
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Relationship Of

Постановка задачи. Работа посвящена изучению традиционных подходов к исследованию оценочных значений и инновационных методов их изучения. Задача исследования заключается в анализе методов изучения оценки, которые можно было бы применить при выявлении оценочной специфики академического дискурса. Результаты. Как показало исследование, оценочные значения, оценка привлекают внимание исследователей различных областей знания, различных дискурсов. По-прежнему открыт вопрос разграничения эмоции, экспрессии и оценки. Тесная связь оценки с ценностями индивида, выносящего оценочное суждение, предполагает возможность ее изучения с позиций аксиологии, тогда как взаимосвязь с психологией позволяет подходить к оценке с точки зрения психологии (например, оценочные стили). Выводы. Комбинация традиционных и инновационных методов позволит выявить онтологические свойства оценки в академическом дискурсе. Речь идет о вербализованных оценочных суждениях, выносимых различными участниками академического дискурса. Вопросы оценочной категоризации, разграничение эмоции и оценки, оценочных стилей участников академического дискурса, привлечение корпуса текстов как источника материала и как инструмента познания представляются релевантными аспектами при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Вместе с тем не все методы исследования оценки можно одинаково успешно использовать при изучении оценочной составляющей академического дискурса. Например, метод триады, предложенный Ж. Мартином, который на данном этапе исследован применительно к изучению устного академического дискурса в его специфическом проявлении - в драматическом тексте. Как представляется, данный метод требует более детальной разработки применительно к нехудожественной, повседневной, речи академического дискурса. Problem statement. The paper focuses on the study of traditional approaches evaluations and innovative methods of their study. The objective of the research. is to analyze the methods of studying evaluation that could be applied in identifying the evaluative specifics of academic discourse. Results. The research has revealed that evaluative meanings attract the attention of researchers in various fields of knowledge, various discourses. The question of differentiating emotion, expressive language means and evaluation is still open. The close relationship of assessment with the values of the individual making a value judgment suggests the possibility of studying it from the standpoint of axiology, while the relationship with psychology allows one to approach assessment from the point of view of psychology (for example, evaluative styles). Conclusion. The combination of traditional and innovative methods will reveal the ontological properties of assessment in academic discourse. We are talking about verbalized value judgments made by various participants in academic discourse. Issues of evaluative categorization, differentiation of emotion and evaluation, evaluative styles of participants in academic discourse, corpus-based analysis seem to be relevant aspects in the study of the evaluative component of academic discourse.

"MULTIPLE-COMPARISONS" PROBLEM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. A30-A30
Author(s):  
Student
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
P Value ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
P Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
True Null Hypotheses ◽  
The Individual

Often investigators report many P values in the same study. The expected number of P values smaller than 0.05 is 1 in 20 tests of true null hypotheses; therefore the probability that at least one P value will be smaller than 0.05 increases with the number of tests, even when the null hypothesis is correct for each test. This increase is known as the "multiple-comparisons" problem...One reasonable way to correct for multiplicity is simply to multiply the P value by the number of tests. Thus, with five tests, an orignal 0.05 level for each is increased, perhaps to a value as high as 0.25 for the set. To achieve a level of not more than 0.05 for the set, we need to choose a level of 0.05/5 = 0.01 for the individual tests. This adjustment is conservative. We know only that the probability does not exceed 0.05 for the set.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document