Addendum to: Quantifying resolving power of seismic systems

Geophysics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1687-1690
Author(s):  
M. B. Widess
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
The Subject

The subject paper (Widess, 1982) presents a quantitative formulation of the vertical resolving power of seismic exploration systems, and this formulation is offered as a proposed characteristic, or standard, resolving power identified with individual systems. The present Addendum supplements the theoretical approach in the subject paper by covering some closely related practical aspects.

Harrison Decoded

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Written Descriptions ◽  
Pendulum Clock

This volume centres on a clock, known as Clock B, built in the mid-1970s that achieved considerable acclaim after an extraordinary performance in a 2015 peer-reviewed public trial at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The clock was built according to an understanding of John Harrison’s unique theoretical approach to making precision pendulum clocks, which defies the standard approaches to making accurate clocks. The clock represents the culmination of over forty years of collaborative research into Harrison’s writing on the subject, which is scattered across a number of manuscripts and a book, printed shortly before his death. Ostensibly, Harrison set out to describe how to make his precision pendulum clock, but it is a mixture of his peripheral interests. Horological information is almost completely lost among vitriolic sentiments relating to his experiences with the Board of Longitude. However, as one reviewer surmised: ‘we are sorry to say that the public will be disappointed’ and another concluded that ‘it can only be excused by superannuated dotage’. The chapters provides contextual history and documentation of the analysis and decoding of the cryptic written descriptions. It presents this in parallel to the modern horological story of making, finishing, and adjusting Clock B; the process of testing, using electronic equipment to monitor the its performance and reaction to changes in environmental conditions, and, indeed, the mechanics behind the various compensating features of the design.

Two Models of Public Opinion: Bacon's ‘New Logic’ and Diotima's ‘Tale of Love’ (The Prothero Lecture)

1974 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Beer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work Done

It is appropriate that an American should address himself to the subject of public opinion. For, in terms of quantity, Americans have made the subject peculiarly their own. They have also invested it with characteristically American concerns. Most of the work done on the subject in the United States is oriented by a certain theoretical approach. This approach is democratic and rationalist. Both aspects create problems. In this paper I wish to play down the democratic problem, viz., how many of the voters are capable of thinking sensibly about public policy, and emphasize rather the difficulties that arise from modern rationalism. Here I take a different tack from most historians of the concept of public opinion, who, taking note of the origin of the term in the mid-eighteenth century, stress its connection with the rise of representative government and democratic theory.

scholarly journals Theoretical approach of teaching lithosphere in junior high school: A critical review of the content and objectives defined by the curriculum of the Ministry of Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 1024
Author(s):  
G. Leontakianakos ◽  
C. Vrachas ◽  
G. Baziotis ◽  
G. Soultati ◽  
G. Fermeli
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Curriculum Content ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of this study is an attempt to define the lithosphere concept, as described in the textbook “Geology-Geography” of the 1st Grade of junior highschool. Further we investigate whether the objectives of the corresponding chapter are being implemented according to the curriculum of the Ministry of Education. The main research hypothesis concentrates on the very limited cognitive background of the students regarding the lithosphere. It is based on the absence of a wellorganized framework of proportional and gradually increased and specialized flow of knowledge, as suggest the few generalised concepts on the subject of Geography taught on the 5th and 6th grade of the Primary School. According to the Curriculum of the “Geology–Geography” of the Ministry of Education, the lithosphere chapter requires fifteen didactic hours for a sum of nine complexes, mostly cognitive objectives. However, the textbook contains only five didactic hours, an indicator of an asymmetric state of the Curriculum. Our opinion about curriculum content itself, which describes the lithosphere, compared to the strictly scientific definition, is that it represents a simplistic approach and consequently the materialization of the cognitive goals is doubtful.

scholarly journals Variety of theoretical approaches to legal interpretation

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
A. Yе. Shevchenko ◽  
S. V. Kudin
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The article explores the variety of theoretical approaches to legal interpretation. It has been determined that the variety of approaches to legal interpretation is due to the complexity of the nature of the origin of this phenomenon, the conditions for the development of post-non-classical science, and the recent influence of the paradigm of comparism, which assumes pluralism of opinions and ideas in legal research. It was found that in modern science there are four traditional theoretical approaches to the essence of legal interpretation. It has been determined that the content of the first approach is revealed within the framework of legal hermeneutics through a number of categories. The essence of the second approach (formal dogmatic or static) is expressed in the fact that the subject of interpretation must strictly and rigorously follow the letter of the law, establish only the meaning of the normative legal act, which the lawmaking body enshrined in it at the time of the publication of the act. That is why normative legal acts cannot, through interpretation, adapt to the changing economic, social, political, cultural internal and external conditions of public life. It is proved that the essence of the dynamic theoretical approach lies in the fact that the subject of legal interpretation adapts the normative legal act to the changes that occur in various social relations. It was found that there is a contradiction between the dynamic and static approaches in legal interpretation, which is reflected in the traditionally called objective and subjective theories of interpretation. According to the subjective theory, the purpose of legal interpretation is to establish the «will of the legislator», and according to the objective theory – to establish the «will of the law». It has been substantiated that the essence of the activity approach is that interpretation is considered as a special kind of legal activity aimed at understanding and clarifying the content of legal texts. The authors of this article point out that in order to establish the true nature of legal interpretation, the methodological foundations of the study should be presented much broader and more diverse, and not be limited only to traditional approaches. When studying it, a comprehensive, integrative approach is needed, which, based on the relevance of interdisciplinary relationships, would include logical, language (linguistic), philosophical, sociological, psychological, axiological (value), ethical, legal, historical, economic, political, mathematical and other substantiation of legal interpretation. Keywords: diversity, theoretical approach, legal interpretation, interpretive practice, integrative approach

Optical Methods To Measure Shape and Size

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Resolving Power ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Incoherent Light ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moiré Techniques ◽  
Living Objects ◽  
Mechanical Sensing ◽  
Physical Principles

A number of methods are available to quantify exterior size and shape of living and non-living objects. Relevant items for dentistry are the exterior of face and skull and the surface of dental casts. To the best of our knowledge, dentitions have not yet been measured in situ. The optical methods using incoherent light are mechanical sensing of casts, visual stereometry (on the subject or on stereophotographic pairs), moire techniques, and optical-sensor morphometry. It will be shown that the three latter systems in fact rely on the same physical principles, although they involve quite different technologies. On the other hand, coherent optical techniques, such as holography and contouring holographic interferometry, are presented. The basic principles of the different techniques are shown, and their main features in relation to applications to the dental object discussed. Main features include: resolving power, range, time needed for a measurement, requirements for the surface of the object, and ease of selection and collection of data. Examples of methods from the literature and from work by the author are given.

Modeling Driver Merging Behavior: A Repeated Game Theoretical Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (20) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungwon Kang ◽  
Hesham A. Rakha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Microscopic Traffic Simulation ◽  
Game Theoretical Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Merging Behavior ◽  
Decision Making Model

Various lane-changing models have been developed for use within microscopic traffic simulation software to replicate driver merging behavior. An understanding of human driving behavior, which can be gained through such modeling, will be critical in harmonizing emerging advanced vehicle technology, such as connected automated vehicles, with human drivers. Therefore, it is important to ensure that lane-changing models are clearly understood, appropriately designed, and carefully calibrated. An earlier study by Kang and Rakha proposed and developed a decision-making model for merging maneuvers using a game theoretical approach considering two drivers: the driver of the subject vehicle (DS) in an acceleration lane and the driver of the following lag vehicle (DL) in the target lane. The previous model assumed that the DS and DL decide on an action at the first point only, where the subject and lag vehicles are identified. The current study extends the Kang and Rakha model by introducing the concept of a repeated game, assuming that a lane change decision is made repeatedly to adjust to changes in surrounding conditions. For example, drivers often decide to change their initial decision as a result of conflicts with other drivers. A repeated game helps the proposed model produce more realistic decision-making in the lane-changing process. To evaluate the model, driver decisions at a certain stage, along with accumulated historical decision data, were extracted from Next Generation SIMulation (NGSIM) data. The validation results reveal that the proposed repeated game model produces considerable prediction accuracy (above 75%).

Redefining realness

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Stephen Turton
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Neutral Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

Abstract This paper furthers the goal of “queering lexicography” (Nossem 2018) by proposing a theoretical approach to analysing dictionary definitions that replaces the traditional descriptive/prescriptive binary with a model of normativity influenced by performativity theory. This is demonstrated by a critical discourse analysis of how entries for lesbian, gay, and homosexual in four contemporary English dictionaries tacitly position homosexual as a neutral term against which lesbian and gay are sociolinguistically marked. The paper also stresses the need for researchers not only to analyse how normativity is embedded in dictionaries, but to recognize the extent to which lay dictionary-users are already aware of the normative potential of lexicography, whether they embrace it or condemn it. This is explored through an incident in which Merriam-Webster’s addition of the word genderqueer to its online dictionary in 2016 became the subject of public scrutiny and contestation on social media.

scholarly journals Characteristic energy losses of electrons scattered from incandescent solids

1930 ◽  
Vol 127 (804) ◽  
pp. 111-140 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Velocity Spectrum ◽  
Deep Minimum ◽  
Characteristic Energy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Solid Conductors ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Primary Electrons

The electron emission produced when solid conductors are bombarded with electrons of controlled speed has formed the subject of a great number of investigations. It is now generally recognized that this emission consists of three different parts: (1) Primary electrons, truly reflected without loss of energy; (2) electrons scattered back with reduced energy; and (3) secondary electrons proper, with very low velocities, which would seem to be produced from the atoms of the target by the same collision processes that give rise to the second group. In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the reflected electrons, the angular distribution of which reveals their wave character, if the target is a definitely orientated crystal of the substance in question. Some time ago I made some measurements on the velocity spectrum of the emission produced by electron bombardment, using a magnetic deflection apparatus of fairly high resolving power. The principal object of this investigation was to look for evidence of groups of electrons with character­istic velocities related to the soft X-ray levels of the substance. From certain theoretical considerations such electrons might be expected to be present in the emission. Targets of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon and aluminium were tried, but in no case was there any evidence of electrons of the kind in question. These results are discussed in the paper mentioned. The distribu­tion curves obtained for different targets and bombarding voltages ranging from 40 to 900 volts were all similar in shape. The reflected electrons pro­duced a sharp and narrow peak, separated from the rest of the curve by a very deep minimum. The curve then rapidly rose to a maximum, corresponding to scattered electrons which had lost an energy equivalent to 25 volts in the collision. In addition to these, some experiments were made with targets of platinum and carbon, which could be kept at incandescence also when readings were taken. It was found that new maxima appear at high temperature, nearer to the reflected peak, and that the 25 volt maximum becomes very faint but reappears after some time on cooling. These changes were repeated several times. It was concluded that the 25 volt maximum was produced by an adsorbed layer formed on the cold target in the high vacuum, whilst the new maxima with hot targets should probably be regarded as characteristic of the target substance itself. Somewhat similar effects have been observed by Brown and Whiddington using a photographic method.

INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF ENTERPRISES. PART I: THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Olimpia Grabiec ◽  
Agnieszka Górka-Chowaniec
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Subject

Due to the growing competitiveness, it is necessary to gain an advantage over competition, therefore, a necessary condition for obtaining it is continuous undertaking of various investment projects. The article discusses issues related to the investment activity of enterprises. In the publication, the author presented the theoretical approach to issues related to the investments of enterprises. The main purpose of this article is to analysis the investment activity of enterprises in terms of the subject literature.

Velocity determination in layered systems with arbitrarily curved interfaces by means of wave field extrapolation of CMP data

Geophysics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. A. Wapenaar ◽  
A. J. Berkhout
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Layered Systems ◽  
The Subject

The paper starts with a brief review of conventional velocity determination procedures for plane‐layered systems. These methods assume hyperbolic moveout curves in common midpoint (CMP) data. It is shown that in layered systems with arbitrarily curved interfaces these methods fail since the moveout curves are nonhyperbolic. The subject of this paper is a wave‐theoretical approach to velocity determination. By means of wave field extrapolation of CMP data, nonhyperbolic moveout curves are transformed into hyperbolic ones. The proposed process is called velocity replacement (VR) since an inhomogeneous overburden is replaced by a homogeneous velocity medium. The effect of VR is illustrated on synthetic data. From the results it may be concluded that velocity determination after VR yields significantly more accurate results than velocity determination before VR. The technique of VR is also proposed as a preprocessing tool prior to stack in situations of nonhyperbolic moveout curves.

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