Measurement of rise times of seismic pulses in rock

Geophysics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Rise Time ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
General System ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Numerical Assessment ◽  
The Given ◽  
Impulsive Source ◽  
System Transfer Function

Rise times for seismic pulses in rock are discussed for both nearly constant Q (NCQ) and constant Q (CQ) theories of pulse attenuation. The frequency content of the NCQ pulse is examined in detail. Frequencies close to the megahertz region are shown to have a significant contribution to the rise time of pulses a meter or so from an impulsive source. Hence, the measurement of such rise times is significantly influenced by the frequency response of the measurement system itself. In giving a numerical assessment of the system influence, I propose a model for a general system transfer function. The effect of such a system on the measurement of rise times of seismic pulses is then obtained by convolving the system impulse response with the given seismic pulse. For even the most broad‐band seismic measurement systems presently available, rise time measurements made especially within 10 m or so of an impulsive source show a large contribution dependent upon the rise time of the measurement system itself.

scholarly journals Development of Thermal Performance Metrics for Direct Gas-Fired Circulating Heaters

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Smith ◽  
Brett C. Ramirez ◽  
Steven J. Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Selection Of

Many climate-controlled agricultural buildings use direct gas-fired circulating heaters (DGFCH) for supplement heat. There is no standardized test to calculate thermal efficiency for these heaters. This study aimed to develop a measurement system and analytical analysis for thermal efficiency, quantify the measurement uncertainty, and assess economics of DGFCH efficiency. The measurement system developed was similar to the ASHRAE 103 standard test stand with adaptations to connect the apparatus to the DGFCH. Two different propane measurement systems were used: input ratings < 30 kW used a mass flow system and input ratings > 30 kW used a volumetric gas meter. Three DGFCHs (21.9, 29.3, 73.3 kW) were tested to evaluate the system. Thermal efficiencies ranged from 92.4% to 100.9%. The resulting uncertainty (coverage factor of 2; ~95% Confidence Interval) ranged from 13.1% to 30.7% for input ratings of 56.3 to 11.4 kW. Key sources of uncertainty were propane and mass flow of air measurement. The economic impact of 1% difference in thermal efficiency ranged from USD $61.3 to $72.0 per heating season. Refinement of the testing system and procedures are needed to reduce the uncertainty. The application of this system will aid building designers in selection of DGFCHs for various applications.

scholarly journals Simulation Analysis of Magnetic Gradient Full-Tensor Measurement System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lei Xu ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Liqing Fang ◽  
Huadong Chen ◽  
Pengfei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Dipole ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Gradient ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Magnetometer Array ◽  
Array Structure ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Planar Measurement

The magnetic gradient full-tensor measurement system is diverse, and the magnetometer array structure is complex. Aimed at the problem, seven magnetic gradient full-tensor measurement system models are studied in detail. The full-tensor measurement theories of the tensor measurement arrays are analyzed. Under the same baseline distance, the magnetic dipole model is used to simulate the measurement system. Based on different measurement systems, the paper quantitatively compares and analyzes the error of the structure. A more optimized magnetic gradient full-tensor measurement system is suggested. The simulation results show that the measurement accuracy of the planar measurement system is slightly higher than that of the stereo measurement system. Among them, the cross-shaped and square measurement systems have relatively smaller structural errors and higher measurement accuracy.

scholarly journals Photogrammetric measurement system generating algorithm by primary input data

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Алексей Николаевич Самойлов ◽  
Юрий Михайлович Бородянский ◽  
Александр Валерьевич Волошин
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Metallurgical Industry ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

В процессе автоматизации решения прикладных измерительных задач, в том числе на базе фотограмметрических методов, возникает проблема соответствия измерительной системы объекту и условиям измерения. Для того чтобы измерительная система позволяла заранее оценить возможность получения достоверных результатов, а также наилучшим образом подстраивалась под условия измерения, необходимо наличие специализированных алгоритмов и моделей. В общем случае такие модели ориентированы на квалифицированных технических специалистов, обладающих необходимыми знаниями в области информационных технологий. Особенностью применения фотограмметрических измерительных систем в лесной и металлургической промышленности является низкая квалификация пользователей в сфере информационных технологий, что обуславливается характером выполняемых работ и условиями привлечения. Данный фактор не позволяет решить задачу подстройки системы традиционными методами, в которых процессом настройки управляет пользователь. В этой связи в статье предлагается модель и алгоритм формирования измерительной системы по первичным входным данным, в котором процессом настройки управляет сама система. In the process of automating the solution of applied measurement tasks, including on the basis of photogrammetric methods, there is a problem of compliance of the measurement system with the object and measurement conditions. In order for the measuring system to assess in advance the possibility of obtaining reliable results, as well as to best adapt to the conditions of measurement, it is necessary to have specialized algorithms and models. In general, such models are aimed at qualified technicians with the necessary knowledge in the field of information technology. A feature of the application of photogrammetric measurement systems in the forestry and metallurgical industry is the low qualification of users in the field of information technology, which is determined by the nature of the work performed and the conditions of attraction. This factor does not solve the problem of adjusting the system by traditional methods in which the user controls the configuration process. In this regard, the article proposes a model and algorithm for forming a measuring system from primary input data, in which the system itself controls the adjustment process.

Study of a Method for Calculating the Current Accuracy In Map-Aided Navigation Problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-69
Author(s):  
K. V. Dunaevskaya ◽  
◽  
L. V. Kiselev ◽  
V. B. Kostousov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Computer Experiments ◽  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
Navigation Problem ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
Reference Map ◽  
The Given ◽  
Current Accuracy

The paper studies a previously proposed method for calculating the current accuracy characteristics of a correlation-extreme search algorithm for solving the map-aided navigation problem. The proposed method is based on the analysis of the ratio of the extreme values of the functional used in the search algorithm for comparing the measured field fragment, and the fragments obtained from a reference map, and on determining the diameter of the set of the given level for this functional. The study is carried out using an example of three spatial geophysical fields: the sea depth field, the field of gravity anomalies, and the anomalous magnetic field; it is focused on their application for underwater vehicle navigation. The specific features of the information and measurement systems used in the survey of these fields, done by means of an underwater robot are described, as well as the procedure simulating the mapping process taking these features into account. The results of computer experiments on comparison of the proposed method for calculating the current accuracy and the method used in the Bayesian algorithm for solving the navigation problem are presented.

Measuring up: do you have a scorecard?

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
K. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Performance Measurement System ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Performance Measurement Systems ◽  
A Performance

Performance measurement can be an effective tool in driving organization improvement to enable your utility to become more competitive, or improve customer satisfaction. WERF Project #99-WWF-7, Developing and Implementing a Performance Measurement System, is developing performance measurement systems by investigating a number of “best practices” in other industries and implementing selected practices at various water/wastewater utilities nationwide to determine how these practices can be adapted and applied. This joint WERF/AWWARF research project has been underway since mid-1999 to provide methods and tools that enable the utility to develop and implement a performance measurement system based on a demonstrated, proven approach. The Volume I Report summarizes the secondary research and project approach. Well designed, properly implemented performance measurement systems can enable utilities to achieve new levels of performance in terms of efficiency, quality, and effectiveness. Interest in performance measurement is increasing in all competitive businesses and industries today, and has been advanced through concepts such as the Balanced Scorecard. Utilities can employ these same concepts and learn “best practices” from other industries' experiences. While a performance measurement system alone does not improve performance or make a utility competitive, when combined with an appropriate business strategy and performance improvement initiatives, it can drive a cycle of change. A successful performance measurement system combines a holistic approach around improved business practices and effective human/organizational strategies in addition to actual performance information for operational decision-making.

Development of a Prototype Performance Measurement System for Strike Warfare Training Assessment

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (18) ◽  
pp. 1222-1226
Author(s):  
J. I. Martin ◽  
S. T. Breidenbach ◽  
A. P. Ciavarelli
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Performance Measurement System ◽  
Automated Measurement ◽  
Student Progress ◽  
Training Assessment ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Performance Measurement Systems ◽  
Automated Measurement System

This paper describes methods for developing automated performance measurement systems used with training ranges and simulators. A prototype automated measurement system designed to assess aircrew performance during strike warfare training is presented as an application of this methodology. Methods are also presented for displaying information which is useful in assessing student progress and for diagnosing training results.

scholarly journals Leveraging Measurement System Analysis (MSA) to Improve Library Assessment: The Attribute Gage R&R

2009 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Anne Murphy ◽  
Sherry Engle Moeller ◽  
Jessica R. Page ◽  
Judith Cerqua ◽  
Mark Boarman
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
State University ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Library Assessment ◽  
Measurement System Analysis ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
The Ohio State University

Measurement System Analysis (MSA) provides decision makers with a useful suite of tools for understanding whether variation should be attributed to an assessment system itself or the actual item or program being assessed. This paper introduces the Attribute Gage R&R, using a study of The Ohio State University Libraries’ mechanism for measuring quality in e-mail reference transactions as an example. An ideal tool for examining assessment programs that require subjective interpretation, the Attribute Gage R&R can assist library organizations in understanding their processes and validating the utility of data collected through their measurement systems.

scholarly journals Implementation of a real-time automatic onset time detection for surface electromyography measurement systems using NI myRIO

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiwat Lersviriyanantakul ◽  
Apidet Booranawong ◽  
Kiattisak Sengchuai ◽  
Pornchai Phukpattaranont ◽  
Booncharoen Wongkittisuksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Algorithm Analysis ◽  
The Real ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Smoothing Process ◽  
The Given ◽  
Semg Signals

For using surface electromyography (sEMG) in various applications, the process consists of three parts: an onset time detection for detecting the first point of movement signals, a feature extraction for extracting the signal attribution, and a feature classification for classifying the sEMG signals. The first and the most significant part that influences the accuracy of other parts is the onset time detection, particularly for automatic systems. In this paper, an automatic and simple algorithm for the real-time onset time detection is presented. There are two main processes in the proposed algorithm; a smoothing process for reducing the noise of the measured sEMG signals and an automatic threshold calculation process for determining the onset time. The results from the algorithm analysis demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm to detect the sEMG onset time in various smoothing-threshold equations. Our findings reveal that using a simple square integral (SSI) as the smoothing-threshold equation with the given sEMG signals gives the best performance for the onset time detection. Additionally, our proposed algorithm is also implemented on a real hardware platform, namely NI myRIO. Using the real-time simulated sEMG data, the experimental results guarantee that the proposed algorithm can properly detect the onset time in the real-time manner.

scholarly journals Low-Cost 2D Index and Straightness Measurement System Based on a CMOS Image Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Küng ◽  
Benjamin A. Bircher ◽  
Felix Meli
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Cmos Image Sensor ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sensor Properties

Accurate traceable measurement systems often use laser interferometers for position measurements in one or more dimensions. Since interferometers provide only incremental information, they are often combined with index sensors to provide a stable reference starting point. Straightness measurements are important for machine axis correction and for systems having several degrees of freedom. In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of an optical two-dimensional (2D) index sensor, which can also be used in a straightness measurement system, based on a fiber-coupled, collimated laser beam pointing onto an image sensor. Additionally, the sensor can directly determine a 2D position over a range of a few millimeters. The device is based on a simple and low-cost complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor chip and provides sub-micrometer accuracy. The system is an interesting alternative to standard techniques and can even be implemented on machines for real-time corrections. This paper presents the developed sensor properties for various applications and introduces a novel error separation method for straightness measurements.

A Low Cost Velocity Measurement System Design for Rotary Machinery

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cagatay Cakir ◽  
Hasan Koruk ◽  
Burak Ulas
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Velocity Measurement ◽  
Practical Problem ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Rotary Machinery ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
Sufficient Precision

Today, as the importance of system automation increases, measurement systems become more and more important. Consequently, in many applications, from washing machines, motorized vehicles, robots to nuclear turbine reactors, velocity measurement is inevitable. In industry, velocity is widespreadly needed to be measured. Besides that researchers through the globe need such measurement devices in their studies. On the other hand, to be able to make a correct measurement, it may be needed to pay much on measuring equipments while the economical issue is sometimes the reason for the research does not continue on or even not begin. So, it has always been a practical problem for both industry and researchers not to be able to measure the rotating velocity of machinery with both sufficient precision and low cost. In this paper, a very low cost but still precise velocity measurement system design is introduced, explained and discussed. First, building up of the sensor circuit and basic components of the system are introduced. Then, data acquisition and signal processing of the system are explained. Finally, advantages of the system are discussed and some conclusions are given.

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