On: “Reduction of magnetic and gravity data on an arbitrary surface acquired in a region of high topographic relief” by B. K. Bhattacharyya and K. C. Chan (GEOPHYSICS, December 1977, p. 1411–1430)

Geophysics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1274-1275
Author(s):  
V. Courtillot ◽  
J. Ducruix ◽  
J. L. Le Mouël

In their paper, Bhattacharryya and Chan address the problem of reduction of magnetic and gravity data on an arbitrary surface acquired in a region of high topographic relief. In their work, the authors are kind enough to mention our contribution to the solution of the problem of finding the sources responsible for an observed magnetic or gravity anomaly, using the general formalism of inverse problems (Courtillot et al, 1974). Unfortunately, however, the authors seem to be unaware of our other publications which are far more relevant to their subject. Courtillot et al (1973) solved the problem of continuation of a potential field measured on an uneven profile, using the Backus and Gilbert approach. Another reference relevant to this problem (solved by Bhattacharryya and Chan on p. 1424) is Parker and Klitgord (1972), who used the Schwartz‐Christoffel transformation. The work was extended to the case of three‐dimensional potential fields measured on an uneven surface by Ducruix et al (1974). Indeed, the development of our paper is strikingly similar to that of Bhattacharryya and Chan, although the method is quite different. In our paper, we give many illustrations of both theoretical and real cases, in which our method is seen to perform very well. We leave it to the reader to compare the results provided by both methods and to compare the methods themselves. In a third paper (Le Mouël et al, 1975), we generalized the method and showed how one could obtain excellent approximate analytic solutions of the Dirichlet and Neumann problems in the two‐dimensional case for a contour with any arbitrary shape. Finally, let us take the opportunity of this discussion to mention a review of the subject which appears in French in Courtillot (1977) and in English, much expanded, in Courtillot et al (1978). In this last paper, which should be of interest in solving a variety of geophysical problems, we show how our method allows one to continue a potential field measured on an entirely arbitrary set of data points in any number of dimensions for the various coordinate systems in which the Laplace and Helmholtz equations are separable. We also establish the relationship between our method and a generalization of the theory of generalized inverse matrices. One other relevant reference on that subject is Parker (1977). In the case of spherical coordinates, an application can be the continuation of satellite data, a problem studied by Bhattacharryya (1977).

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 14889-14901
Author(s):  
Maximilian Weitzel ◽  
Subir K. Mitra ◽  
Miklós Szakáll ◽  
Jacob P. Fugal ◽  
Stephan Borrmann

Abstract. An ice cloud chamber was developed at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz for generating several thousand data points for mass and sedimentation velocity measurements of ice crystals with sizes less than 150 µm. Ice nucleation was initiated from a cloud of supercooled droplets by local cooling using a liquid nitrogen cold finger. Three-dimensional tracks of ice crystals falling through the slightly supersaturated environment were obtained from the reconstruction of sequential holographic images, automated detection of the crystals in the hologram reconstructions, and particle tracking. Through collection of the crystals and investigation under a microscope before and after melting, crystal mass was determined as a function of size. The experimentally obtained mass versus diameter (m(D)) power law relationship resulted in lower masses for small ice crystals than from commonly adopted parameterizations. Thus, they did not support the currently accepted extrapolation of relationships measured for larger crystal sizes. The relationship between Best (X) and Reynolds (Re) numbers for columnar crystals was found to be X=15.3 Re1.2, which is in general agreement with literature parameterizations.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Mikołajczak ◽  
Jan Barmuta ◽  
Małgorzata Ponikowska ◽  
Stanislaw Mazur ◽  
Krzysztof Starzec

<p>The Silesian Nappe in the westernmost part of the Polish Outer Carpathians Fold and Thrust Belt exhibits simple, almost homoclinal character. Based on the field observations, a total stratigraphic thickness of this sequence equals to at least 5400 m. On the other hand, the published maps of the sub-Carpathian basement show its top at depths no greater than 3000 m b.s.l. or even 2000 m b.s.l. in the southern part of the Silesian Nappe. Assuming no drastic thickness variations within the sedimentary sequence of the Silesian Nappe, such estimates of the basement depth are inconsistent with the known thickness of the Silesian sedimentary succession. The rationale behind our work was to resolve this inconsistency and verify the actual depth and structure of the sub-Carpathian crystalline basement along two regional cross-sections. In order to achieve this goal, a joint 2D quantitative interpretation of gravity and magnetic data was performed along these regional cross-sections. The interpretation was supported by the qualitative analysis of magnetic and gravity maps and their derivatives to recognize structural features in the sub-Carpathian basement. The study was concluded with the 3D residual gravity inversion for the top of basement. The cross-sections along with the borehole data available from the area were applied to calibrate the inversion.</p><p>In the westernmost part of the Polish Outer Carpathians, the sub-Carpathian basement comprises part of the Brunovistulian Terrane. Because of great depths, the basement structure was investigated mainly by geophysical, usually non-seismic, methods. However, some deep boreholes managed to penetrate the basement that is composed of Neoproterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks. The study area is located within the Upper Silesian block along the border between Poland and Czechia. There is a basement uplift as known mainly from boreholes, but the boundaries and architecture of this uplift are poorly recognized. Farther to the south, the top of the Neoproterozoic is buried under a thick cover of lower Palaeozoic sediments and Carpathian nappes.</p><p>Our integrative study allowed to construct a three-dimensional map for the top of basement the depth of which increases from about 1000 m to over 7000 m b.s.l. in the north and south of the study area, respectively. Qualitative analysis of magnetic and gravity data revealed the presence of some  basement-rooted faults delimiting the extent of the uplifted basement. The interpreted faults are oriented mainly towards NW-SE and NE-SW. Potential field data also document the correlation between the main basement steps and important thrust faults.</p><p> </p><p>This work has been funded by the Polish National Science Centre grant no UMO-2017/25/B/ST10/01348</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Weitzel ◽  
Subir K. Mitra ◽  
Miklós Szakáll ◽  
Jacob P. Fugal ◽  
Stephan Borrmann

Abstract. An ice cloud chamber was developed at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz for generating several thousand data points for mass and sedimentation velocity measurements of ice crystals with sizes less than 150 μm. Ice nucleation was initiated from a cloud of supercooled droplets by local cooling using a liquid nitrogen cold finger. Three-dimensional tracks of ice crystals falling through the slightly supersaturated environment were obtained from the reconstruction of sequential holographic images, automated detection of the crystals in the hologram reconstructions, and particle tracking. Through collection of the crystals and investigation under a microscope before and after melting, crystal mass was determined as a function of size. The experimentally obtained mass versus diameter (m(D)) power law relationship resulted in lower masses for small ice crystals than from commonly adopted parameterizations. Thus, they did not support the currently accepted extrapolation of relationships measured for larger crystal sizes. The relationship between Best (X) and Reynolds (Re) numbers for columnar crystals was found to be X = 15.3Re1.2, which is in general agreement with literature parameterizations.


1992 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 325-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gonczi ◽  
H. Rickman ◽  
C. Froeschlé

The Quadrantid meteor shower has been recognized for more than 150 years. The dynamics of the corresponding stream is peculiar due to the high orbital inclination and, for some particles, the closeness of the 2/1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter. It has been the subject of many investigations relating to the structure of the stream and its nodal retrogression as well as its long-term history and its likely cometary origin. Thus Hamid and Youssef (1963) found that the jovian secular perturbations lead to very large changes in the inclination and perihelion distance of typical stream particles with a period around 4000 yrs. From a more extensive study by Williamset al.(1979) it was obvious that this period is not unique but may vary considerably between different particles. Related to this behaviour is also the investigation by Froeschlé and Scholl (1982) who performed an extensive study of three-dimensional orbits at the 2/1 resonance. The orbits remain confined in the resonance zone and are stable in Hill's sense. Close encounters with Jupiter are avoided through the action of three main protection mechanisms:σlibration around 0,ωlibration aroud 90°, ande–ωcoupling, although most orbits exhibit large variations in inclination and eccentricity. Investigating in more detail a Quadrantid-like meteor stream, Froeschlé and Scholl (1986) also found a nonuniform nodal retrogression and an unusual progression. This behaviour causes a formation of arcs which was not found for other meteor streams in resonance with Jupiter – however, almost never having large inclinations.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Iapige De Gaetani ◽  
Anna Maria Marotta ◽  
Riccardo Barzaghi ◽  
Mirko Reguzzoni ◽  
Lorenzo Rossi

In this paper, three different methods for computing the terrain correction have been compared. The terrain effect has been accounted for by using the standard right parallelepiped closed formula, the spherical tesseroid and the flat tesseroid formulas. Particularly, the flat tesseroid approximation is obtained by flattening the top and the bottom sides of the spherical tesseroid. Its gravitational effect can be computed as the gravitational effect of a polyhedron, i.e. a three-dimensional body with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices. These three methods have been applied in the context of a Bouguer reduction scheme. Two tests were devised in the Alpine area in order to quantify possible discrepancies. In the first test, the terrain correction has been evaluated on a grid of points on the DTM. In the second test, Bouguer gravity anomalies were computed on sparse observed gravity data points. The results prove that the three methods are practically equivalent even in an area of rough topography though, in the second test, the Bouguer anomalies obtained by using the tesseroid and the flat tesseroid formulas have slightly smaller RMSs than the one obtained by applying the standard right parallelepiped formula.


Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Dian Saputra

This study aims to find out the relationship between learning style and students’ knowledge aspect on Computer System Subject at SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu, the type of research is quantitative and the subject of research is grade X in SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu. Data collection techniques using observation, Questionnaire and documentation. Data analysis techniques used were Descriptive Analysis, and inferential Statistical Analysis. The results of visual learning style post-test were 11 people with a mean of 76.36, an auditory learning style of 8 people at a mean of 62.14, a kinesthetic learning style of 3 people at a mean of 50.33, apart from that (r x y = 2.35) and the magnitude of r is reflected in the table (r table = 0.4132). Then rxy > r table ie = 2.35> 0.4132. In other words, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It has a significant relationship between the learning styles of students and students’ knowledge aspect on Computer System Subject of grade X TKJ in SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu


2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
SangDong Lee

Queen Margaret (1070–93) has been the subject of much historical research. Previous studies of the queen and later saint have been undertaken from several different perspectives, including the biographical, institutional and hagiographical. In addition, some scholars have focused on her piety and later cult. Although a saint's miracles were one of the significant elements affecting the development of a cult, far less interest has been shown in the geopolitical importance of the miracles attributed to St Margaret and the relationship between the miracles and the saint's cult. The intention of this paper is to examine the miracles attributed to St Margaret and to identify their characteristics within the context of their contribution to, and influence in, the development of her cult.


Author(s):  
Jack Knight ◽  
James Johnson

Pragmatism and its consequences are central issues in American politics today, yet scholars rarely examine in detail the relationship between pragmatism and politics. This book systematically explores the subject and makes a strong case for adopting a pragmatist approach to democratic politics—and for giving priority to democracy in the process of selecting and reforming political institutions. What is the primary value of democracy? When should we make decisions democratically and when should we rely on markets? And when should we accept the decisions of unelected officials, such as judges or bureaucrats? This book explores how a commitment to pragmatism should affect our answers to such important questions. It concludes that democracy is a good way of determining how these kinds of decisions should be made—even if what the democratic process determines is that not all decisions should be made democratically. So, for example, the democratically elected U.S. Congress may legitimately remove monetary policy from democratic decision-making by putting it under the control of the Federal Reserve. This book argues that pragmatism offers an original and compelling justification of democracy in terms of the unique contributions democratic institutions can make to processes of institutional choice. This focus highlights the important role that democracy plays, not in achieving consensus or commonality, but rather in addressing conflicts. Indeed, the book suggest that democratic politics is perhaps best seen less as a way of reaching consensus or agreement than as a way of structuring the terms of persistent disagreement.


Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 36-60
Author(s):  
Mathilde Hennig ◽  
Dániel Czicza

The article aims to examine grammatical features and pragmatic concerns of communicating in the sciences. In the research of certain languages, it became common to explaingrammatical features such as the usage of passive voice and nominal structures by communication requirements such as objectivity and precision. With the assumption that communication in science is designed to help gain and spread new insight, the authors tried to integrate several approaches to pragmatic and grammatical features of communication. By discussing the relationship between the grammar of certain languages and of the corresponding common language, the article also places the subject of communication in the sciences in the discipline of language variation.


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