THE EFFECT OF SONDE POSITION IN THE HOLE ON RESPONSES OF RESISTIVITY LOGGING TOOLS

Geophysics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Gianzero ◽  
R. Rau
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Tank ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Formation Resistivity ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Resistivity Logging

Theoretical relations exist in the literature for calculating the responses of electrode‐type resistivity logging tools when they are centered in the wellbore and the formations are thick and homogeneous (Fok, 1933; Stefanesco et al., 1929–32). These analyses are usually restricted to devices using dc or low‐frequency surveying currents, and they generally make use of the approximation of point electrodes. An analysis has also been made comparing the responses of such tools in anisotropic and isotropic formations (Kunz and Moran, 1958). In this paper, relations are derived for calculating the responses of electrode‐type logging tools when the sonde is not centered in the wellbore. Although similar relations could be applied to tilted sondes, the discussion in this paper is mainly restricted to the simple eccentered case in which the axis of the sonde is parallel to the axis of the hole. As will be shown, eccentering has a comparatively small effect on the responses of a normal device. On the other hand, certain types of focused‐log devices, in which a large proportion of the focusing current flows parallel to the hole, may exhibit an appreciable eccentering effect; this is particularly true when the contrast between formation resistivity and hole‐fluid resistivity is large. Spherically‐Focused‐Log (SFL*) resistivity devices (Schuster et al., 1971) have this type of current distribution, and, depending on electrode spacings, they may be appreciably influenced by eccentering. The applications shown in this paper will largely be done from SFL computations and measurements. The theoretical relations have been used in the development of a spherically focused tool less affected by eccentering. Tool responses predicted on the basis of the theoretical relations were found to be consistent with the results of test‐tank measurements made for one of the devices studied. Some field experiments have been made with centered and eccentered spherically focused tools, and more are to be done.

An assessment of the factors controlling the productivity of maize in England

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting ◽  
G. E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Other Hand

Between 1942 and 1950, some thirty field experiments have been carried out in the southern half of England to assess the potential value, either for grain or forage production, of seventeen openpollinated flint or dent maizes together with twentynine single or double hybrids of American or Canadian origin.Early-maturing flint varieties will consistently ripen grain, but before mechanical threshing or storage, the cobs require drying. Sibthorp, a mass selection made from an unknown German variety, is the earliest and most productive flint maize so far tested, and in the experiments has yielded as much as 39 cwt. of grain per acre with an average of 24 cwt. The earliest American hybrids, i.e. those with a U.S.A. rating of 80 days from sowing to maturity, give very high yields of grain in favourable seasons. Within the group Wisconsin 240–275, a yield level equal to or exceeding 50 cwt./acre has on occasion been recorded. On the other hand, in the most unfavourable years, such hybrids just failed to produce ripe cobs.Attempts to maintain sixty-five parent inlines of the earliest hybrids have largely failed. However, many of the parent single crosses have matured, and the production on a field scale of the double-cross seed of both Wisconsin 240 and 255 has been carried out.Spacing experiments indicate that for optimum grain production a density of 6 plants/sq.yd. is required for both flint varieties and the earliest hybrids. A spatial arrangement of individual plants is to be preferred to that of groups or hills.American hybrids, in the class of ‘90 days’ to maturity, will in all but the most unfavourable seasons reach the ‘early-dent’ stage of the grain before the incidence of autumn frosts. Yields of dry matter of plants harvested in this phase have ranged from 30 to 85 cwt. of dry matter per acre. In these trials, the plant density was standardized at 4 plants/sq.yd. and higher densities may be demanded for optimal yields.The ratio of the ‘ear’ (that is, the cob, immature grain and enclosing leaf sheaths) to the total shoot weight at harvest varies greatly with the variety or hybrid. With White Horsetooth, the usual variety grown for fodder in England, no cobs are formed before the plants are killed by frost, while with the early hybrids, the ear may be half the weight of the whole shoot.The earliest variety Sibthorp from an early May sowing takes approximately 70–80 days to reach full anthesis, while ‘80-day’ American hybrids are a week later. From sowing to full maturity the period in England is from 140 to 160 days, thus compared to conditions in Minnesota the period is nearly twice as long. Because of the much slower rate of development and because of the humidity of English autumns, it is concluded that until the date of maturity can be advanced some 14 days, grain production on a field scale is not yet feasible. On the other hand, many of the American hybrids are well fitted to the production of silage. The greatest drawback to the introduction of such hybrids is the liability of the seed and seedlings to be attacked by rooks.

scholarly journals Diversity of and Selection Acting on CylindrospermopsincyrBGene Adenylation Domain Sequences in Florida

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 2502-2507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mete Yilmaz ◽  
Edward J. Phlips
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii ◽  
Adenylation Domain ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Neutrality Tests ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTAphanizomenon ovalisporumis the only confirmed cylindrospermopsin producer identified in the United States to date. On the other hand,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiiis a prominent feature of many lakes in Florida and other regions of the United States. To see the variation in cylindrospermopsincyrBgene adenylation domain sequences and possibly discover new cylindrospermopsin producers, we collected water samples for a 3-year period from 17 different systems in Florida. Positive amplicons were cloned and sequenced, revealing that approximately 92% of sequences wereA. ovalisporum-like (>99% identity). Interestingly, 6% of sequences were very similar (>99% identity) tocyrBsequences ofC. raciborskiifrom Australia and ofAphanizomenonsp. from Germany. Neutrality tests suggest thatA. ovalisporum-likecyrBadenylation domain sequences are under purifying selection, with abundant low-frequency polymorphisms within the population. On the other hand, when compared between species by codon-based methods, amino acids of CyrB also seem to be under purifying selection, in accordance with the one proposed amino acid thought to be activated by the CyrB adenylation domain.

scholarly journals The influence of desiccation and UV radiation on the development and survival of free-living stages of cyathostomins under field and laboratory conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Langrová ◽  
I. Jankovská ◽  
J. Vadlejch ◽  
M. Libra ◽  
A. Lytvynets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

AbstractThe present work describing both laboratory and field experiments was performed to assess the effects of desiccation and UV radiation on the development and survival of free-living stages of equine cyathostomins.Cyathostomin larvae in horse faeces did not develop to the infective stage when faecal humidity levels dropped below 23 %, nonetheless solitary preinfective larvae were still recovered after 151 days (humidity 19.5 %). The development to infective stage after remoistening occurred for the last time after 54 days following desiccation.Preinfective stages are susceptible to the effects of the direct desiccation stage. The preinfective larvae were rapidly killed within one minute, the cyathostomin eggs within 5 hours. The numerous normal mobile infective larvae were encountered after 35 days of the desiccated period. The preinfective stage of cyathostomins also showed very little tolerance to direct sun radiation: most eggs were killed by the exposure within 3 hours and the preinfective larvae within 1 hour. The survival of infective larvae was, on the other hand, unaffected by sun radiation after 7 days (P < 0.05). However, desiccated infective larvae were then found to be susceptible to UV radiation, resulting in total mortalities after 5 days.

scholarly journals THE AGRO-PASTORAL CONFLICTS AND FORAGE SPECIES PRIZED BY CATTLE: CASE OF THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE MBAM AND DJEREM NATIONAL PARK (ADAMAOUA-CAMEROON)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 965-985
Author(s):  
Marie Mvu Njoya ◽  
◽  
Ambahe Duplex Rufin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
National Park ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Partial Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In the outskirts of the northern periphery of Mbam and Djerem National Park, agro-pastoral conflicts have become very frequent in recent years. The resulting damage is so surprising that it leaves no one indifferent. Unfortunately, many writings analyze the causes of these agro-pastoral conflicts without, however, dwelling on the fodder resources which constitute not only the staple food of cattle but also one of the primary factors of these antagonisms. To overcome this knowledge gap, the authors adopted the survey method in order to identify, on the one hand, the attributes of agro-pastoral conflicts and the plant species consumed in all seasons by cattle on the northern periphery of the PNMD and, on the other hand, the relationship between these forage species with the frequency of agro-pastoral conflicts according to the protagonists and the seasons. Thus, from field observations and a questionnaire sent to 44 breeders and 103 farmers in four control villages, it results, after processing the data, that the high frequency of conflicts experienced by the farmers in the dry season (35.9 %) and especially by the breeders (70.5%) is due to the location of the forage species prized in this season at the bottom of the valleys where the herds are concentrated and compete. On the other hand, the low frequency of conflicts experienced during the rainy season especially by breeders, except in Mbitom, is more justified by the extension of fodder registers to woody leaves from the start of this season. Finally, the fodder fields of Brachiaria constitute a partial solution to the shortage of pastures even if it sometimes gives rise to new conflicts between herders.

scholarly journals Otomatisasi Proses Online Stock Opname pada Aplikasi Inventaris Barang untuk Multi Lokasi Pergudangan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mahendratta Tjahjono ◽  
Adi Suryaputra Paramita
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Software Testing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
User Acceptance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acceptance Testing ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New System

The process of stock opname of goods in a business is something that must be done regularly to control the business assets. The stock opname process generally requires a lot of money and time, especially in businesses that have many branch locations. During the implementation of stock opname, sales transactions are usually stopped so that the stock does not change. As a result, the longer the time for this process is required, the greater the loss. In addition, extra costs are also incurred when the implementing manager is sent to each branch location where the stock opname will be carried out. Due to the high costs and losses incurred, this stock opname is usually only done a few times a year. On the other hand, the low frequency of stock opname has an impact on increasing business losses due to loss of assets that cannot be detected early. This study aims to increase the effectiveness of the stock opname process to minimize losses that occur during the stocktaking process or losses due to delays in handling the loss of goods assets. The results of this study indicate that the new system design allows the stock opname process to be carried out remotely without the presence of a manager and without stopping sales transactions, so as to reduce operational costs. The frequency of stock opname can also be carried out more frequently so that if there is a loss of assets, it can be immediately identified and action is taken to avoid high business losses. The result of software testing using the Blackbox Testing method shows that the application can run well and the result of User Acceptance Testing shows the acceptance of respondents at 87%, which means that respondents accept the solutions offered well.

scholarly journals Pomeranian Metropolitan Railways – the functioning and directions of development

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1205-1212
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kopeć
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Other Hand

The article presents the current functioning of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway. Significant achievements were identified – especially the large number of passengers in regional connections – with Kartuzy and Kościerzyna, as well as a systematic increase in the number of passengers in all destinations. Failures were also pointed out – above all, an unsatisfactory number of passengers in metropolitan connections. This largely results from a low frequency of trains, maladjustment of the public city transport to the Metropolitan Railway stations and weak connections with trains of the Fast Urban Railway at railway stations in Gdynia Główna and Gdańsk Wrzeszcz. Yet, the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway is developing – the main example being the launch of new stops, Gdynia Karwiny and Gdynia Stadion, on 10 December 2017. Further investments are being planned – including, first of all, construction of a new stop Gdańsk Firoga, electrification of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway and modernization of railway line No. 201, whose section between Gdynia Główna and Kościerzyna constitutes part of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway. On the other hand, apart from overcoming the mentioned shortcomings which have appeared during the functioning to date, the directions of the development of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway should primarily be the extension of the line from Kartuzy to Sierakowice and the construction of a platform for the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway along with the existing platform for the Fast Urban Railway in Gdynia Wzgórze Św. Maksymiliana.

scholarly journals Objectivité et dépersonnalisation dans le discours scientifique

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Janusz Bień
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Other Hand

In this paper the term objectivity refers to a discursive phenomenon, mostly defined like distance of the arguments toward meanings expressed by predicates and so toward a whole text’s content. Its impact depends on the frequency of any formal parameters, lacking grammatical information in the text: agentless passives, impersonal structures, nominalizations, and, on the other hand, to a low frequency of deictic pronouns. Our detailed, corpus-based analysis confirms its high and pragmatic importance in scientific texts. Inside scientific-academic discourse the phenomenon suffers a numerical variability that may be related to three criterions: type of text, part of text and scientific discipline.

The Grammatical Factor in Childhood Disfluency in Relation to the Continuity Hypothesis

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helaine Gewirtz Helmreich ◽  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normal Speaking

The relationship between grammatical function and disfluency was investigated in 15 normal-speaking children aged three years 11 months to four years 10 months. Pronouns and conjunctions appeared in significantly greater proportion among the subjects' disfluent words than among their total words. On the other hand, nouns, verbs, and prepositions had a significantly low frequency of disfluency. In many respects, the results were similar to those previously found for preschool stutterers, though a notable difference occurred in the case of verbs. The findings were interpreted to be in general accord with the hypothesis that a continuity exists between early stuttering and certain forms of normal childhood disfluency.

Investigations in crop husbandry. II. On the age of seed beans

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
F. H. Garner ◽  
H. G. Sandees
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Crop Husbandry ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Strains

1. New and old seed beans have been compared for three years, in the last two of which precise field experiments have been conducted with two different strains.2. In general new seed gave higher yields than old seed, but the difference was only of the order of 10 per cent. There was some evidence that conditions when the seed was harvested might be more important than age.3. New seed produced more branches in early spring, and a greater number of pod-bearing stems at harvest; on the other hand, old seed produced stems that were more thickly podded at harvest, and pods that contained a greater number of beans.4. In one case abnormally large seed produced very vigorous plants, and very large beans at harvest.

The rates of nitrification of peat soils in British Guiana

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Paul ◽  
M. A. A. Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Before And After

A study has been made of some of the nitrogen fractions of the pegasse soils of British Guiana in virgin and exhausted conditions, that is, before and after cropping.1. Preliminary field experiments on the virgin and exhausted soils adduced strong evidence in support of the complaints made by farmers that the productivity in yields of the pegasse soils after continuous cropping for a comparatively short period is considerably impaired.2. The virgin soil showed an appreciable amount of nitrate nitrogen, while the exhausted sample indicated no nitrate. The latter soil, on the other hand, contained a higher amount of ammonia nitrogen measured by KCl extraction than the former soil.3. Nitrification studies with added ammonium salts indicated that under optimum conditions the nitrifying power of the exhausted soil was extremely low. Additions of sodium nitrate indicated that the nitrate was partially reduced to ammonia by the worn-out pegasse soil. The virgin pegasse, on the other hand, showed an appreciable rate of nitrification.

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