A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF INDUCED‐POLARIZATION MODELS

Geophysics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Dodds ◽  
A. P. Raiche ◽  
K. Vozoff

The transmission surface or network technique was used to study the induced‐polarization response of a model having infinite strike length. The model consisted of a horizontal cylinder (the target) in a uniform half‐space overlain by an overburden. Responses to the dipole‐dipole, pole‐dipole, and gradient electrode arrays were compared as model parameters were systematically varied. Target conductivity, target depth, and overburden thickness and conductivity were each changed in turn. For different electrode spacings and locations, the peak response amplitudes and positions were plotted. It was found that the peak response amplitude did not decrease when large electrode spacings were used. The maximum percent frequency effect (PFE) response remains relatively constant for mildly conductive to very conductive targets. At the same time, the electrode separation required to achieve this maximum response increases by about a factor of two. The position of the peak PFE and the amplitude of the peak metal factor (MF) response were insensitive to overburden conductivity. There is a sharp drop of both PFE and MF when a thin overburden is introduced, and a gradual further reduction as its thickness increases. Responses to the pole‐dipole and dipole‐dipole arrays were comparable in magnitude, whereas results for the gradient arrays were at best equivalent and sometimes much smaller.

Geophysics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. B47-B59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Veeken ◽  
Peter J. Legeydo ◽  
Yuri A. Davidenko ◽  
Elena O. Kudryavceva ◽  
Sergei A. Ivanov ◽  
...  

Delineation of hydrocarbon prospective areas is an important issue in petroleum exploration. The geoelectric method helps to identify attractive areas and reduces the overall drilling risk. For this purpose, induced polarization (IP) effects are mapped caused by the presence of epigenetic pyrite microcrystals in sedimentary rocks. These crystals occur in a shallow halo-shaped mineralogical alteration zone, often overlying a deeper-seated hydrocarbon accumulation. Local enrichment in pyrite results from reducing geochemical conditions below an impermeable layer. The imperfect top seal of the accumulation permits minor amounts of hydrocarbons to escape and migrate through the overlying rocks to shallower levels. During migration, hydro-carbons encounter an impermeable barrier, forming an altera-tion zone. Induced polarization logging and coring in wells confirm this working model. Geoelectric surveying visual-izes anomalies in electric potential difference measured be-tween receiver electrodes. The differentially normalized method (DNME) inverts the registered decay in potential differences, establishing a depth model constrained by seismic and petro-physical data. Diagnostic geoelectric attributes are proposed, giving a better grip on chargeability and resistivity distribution. Acquisition and processing parameters are adjusted to the target depth. Encouraging results are obtained in deeper [Formula: see text] as well as in very shallow water. Onshore, a grounded current transmitter is used. Geoelectric surveys cover different geologic settings with varying target depths. The success ratio for predicting hydrocarbon occurrences is high. So far, 40 successful wells have been drilled in Russia on mapped geoelectric anomalies. Out of 126 wells, the method produced satisfactory results in all but two cases. The technique reduces the risk attached to new hydrocarbon prospects and allows better ranking at a reasonable cost.


Geophysics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. E213-E225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Fiandaca ◽  
Esben Auken ◽  
Anders Vest Christiansen ◽  
Aurélie Gazoty

Time-domain-induced polarization has significantly broadened its field of reference during the last decade, from mineral exploration to environmental geophysics, e.g., for clay and peat identification and landfill characterization. Though, insufficient modeling tools have hitherto limited the use of time-domain-induced polarization for wider purposes. For these reasons, a new forward code and inversion algorithm have been developed using the full-time decay of the induced polarization response, together with an accurate description of the transmitter waveform and of the receiver transfer function, to reconstruct the distribution of the Cole-Cole parameters of the earth. The accurate modeling of the transmitter waveform had a strong influence on the forward response, and we showed that the difference between a solution using a step response and a solution using the accurate modeling often is above 100%. Furthermore, the presence of low-pass filters in time-domain-induced polarization instruments affects the early times of the acquired decays (typically up to 100 ms) and has to be modeled in the forward response to avoid significant loss of resolution. The developed forward code has been implemented in a 1D laterally constrained inversion algorithm that extracts the spectral content of the induced polarization phenomenon in terms of the Cole-Cole parameters. Synthetic examples and field examples from Denmark showed a significant improvement in the resolution of the parameters that control the induced polarization response when compared to traditional integral chargeability inversion. The quality of the inversion results has been assessed by a complete uncertainty analysis of the model parameters; furthermore, borehole information confirm the outcomes of the field interpretations. With this new accurate code in situ time-domain-induced polarization measurements give access to new applications in environmental and hydrogeophysical investigations, e.g., accurate landfill delineation or on the relation between Cole-Cole and hydraulic parameters.


Geophysics ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. A1-A5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Mansoor ◽  
Lee Slater

Induced polarization (IP) measurements [Formula: see text] were conducted on seventeen clay and peat marsh soils that were subsequently analyzed for heavy metal concentrations, moisture content, organic matter, porosity, specific surface area, and pore fluid conductivity. A Cole-Cole model was fit to each sample and model parameters analyzed in terms of physicochemical properties. We found a linear relation between the normalized chargeability [Formula: see text] and estimated surface area to pore volume [Formula: see text] when iron content (ranging from 0.25% to 1.63% by volume) is accounted for as a polarizable element of the soil. In fact, the dependence of [Formula: see text] on volumetric Fe concentration per unit volume of the bulk soil is described by a linear relationship with a correlation coefficient [Formula: see text] of 0.94. As Fe concentration is a critical biogeochemical parameter, our findings suggest that IP measurements may provide a hitherto unrecognized approach to probing soil geochemistry, iron cycling and anaerobic microbial activity. Furthermore, our results yield insights into physicochemical controls on IP in natural soils.


Geophysics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1830-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Freedman ◽  
J. P. Vogiatzis

Currently, there is interest by the petroleum well‐logging industry in the potential use of induced polarization (IP) measurements to improve formation evaluation in shaly sands. Shell Development Company has constructed an experimental four‐electrode IP and resistivity logging tool to obtain downhole measurements in shaly sands. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding and interpretation of the dynamic (i.e., time‐dependent) response of this type of downhole IP logging device. A low‐frequency (e.g., 32 Hz or less) electric current oscillating at a single fixed frequency is applied between a pair of current electrodes in a borehole. The resulting voltages induced between pairs of potential measuring electrodes in the borehole are calculated by solving the time‐dependent Maxwell’s equations. Inductive electromagnetic (EM) coupling contributions to apparent (e.g., measured) IP phase angles are automatically taken into account. The model is applied to the study of normal logging arrays for which the voltage measuring electrodes are interior to the current electrodes. The model responses are calculated for normal arrays in both infinitely thick noninvaded formations and infinitely thick invaded formations. EM coupling contributions to apparent IP phase angles have an approximately universal dependence on a scaling parameter defined here. The scaling relationship permits the quantitative estimate of EM coupling effects for specific tool parameters (i.e., electrode spacings and frequencies) and formation characteristics (i.e., apparent conductivities). Therefore, scaling relationships of this type should be useful in the design of IP tools. An inverse method, developed for determining true formation IP phase angles and resistivities from apparent values measured by an IP tool, utilizes data from multiple pairs of voltage‐measuring electrodes and exploits the fact that, for the systems of interest, the inverse resistivity and IP problems can be “decoupled.” The assumption that IP phase angles have a logarithmic dependence on frequency over a decade frequency interval leads to a nonlinear relationship between percent frequency effect (PFE) and IP phase angle. This nonlinear relationship agrees well with experimental data.


Geophysics ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Bodmer ◽  
S. H. Ward ◽  
H. F. Morrison

Clay horizons and other clay‐bearing unconsolidated sediments are potential sources of induced‐polarization anomalies. If such anomalies may be detected above system noise, the induced‐polarization method may be of value for in‐situ classification of unconsolidated sediments encountered in hydrological projects. One such project exists in Santa Clara County where near‐surface unconsolidated sediments are frequently considered as potential recharge areas. Of four areas surveyed with induced‐polarization apparatus in Santa Clara County, only two yielded significant frequency‐effect anomalies, and in each of these two the frequency effects were of the order of 3 percent. These anomalous frequency effects may be related to clayey gravels. The dipole‐dipole array, with spreads of 10 ft and 20 ft, was typically used in the study.


Geophysics ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 838-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Bodmer ◽  
Stanley H. Ward

Among the different four‐electrode arrays used in resistivity sounding and profiling, the dipole‐dipole array can provide, in some instances, advantages over the more conventional Schlumberger and Wenner configurations. Interpretation of data from Wenner and Schlumberger methods has been described by Compagnie Générale de Géophysique (1955), Mooney and Wetzel (1956), Zohdy (1964), and many others. The primary reason for using a dipole‐dipole array has been to minimize inductive coupling between the transmitting and receiving dipoles when performing frequency‐domain, induced‐polarization surveys (e.g., Marshall and Madden, 1959). This inductive coupling, as effected by the presence of the earth, produces spurious frequency‐dependent voltages in the measuring circuit. Such spurious voltages are small and only of importance when one wishes to calculate the percentage change in resistivity between two frequencies; they are usually much less than the 5 to 10 percent accuracy sought in most resistivity surveys. For this reason, and because the dipole‐dipole array leads to small measured potentials, it is seldom used in single‐frequency resistivity sounding or profiling. However, we shall demonstrate in this paper the manner in which the dipole‐dipole array may be used effectively for simultaneous sounding and profiling.


Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. WA105-WA112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Weller ◽  
Lee Slater ◽  
Sven Nordsiek ◽  
Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis

We analyze the relationship between induced polarization (IP) parameters and the specific surface area normalized to the pore volume [Formula: see text] for an extensive sample database. We find that a single linear imaginary conductivity-[Formula: see text] relation holds across a range of single-frequency IP data sets composed of sandstones and unconsolidated sediments that lack an appreciable metallic mineral content. We also apply a recent approach defined as Debye decomposition (DD) to determine normalized chargeability [Formula: see text], a global estimate of polarization magnitude from available spectral IP (SIP) data sets. A strong linear relationship between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is also found across multiple data sets. However, SIP model parameters determined for samples containing metallic minerals are approximately two orders of magnitude greater than for the model parameters estimated for the nonmetallic sample database. We propose a concept of “polarizability of the mineral-fluid interface per unit [Formula: see text]” to explain this difference, which is supported by the observed dependence of IP parameters on fluid conductivity between sample types. We suggest that this linear IP-[Formula: see text] relation can be considered the IP equivalent of the classical Archie empirical relation. Whereas the Archie relation describes a power-law relation between electrical conductivity due to electrolytic conduction through the available interconnected pore volume, the IP-[Formula: see text] relation is an equivalent relation between mineral-fluid interfacial polarization and available pore surface area.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Olivar A. L. De Lima ◽  
Hédison K. Sato

ABSTRACT. Two field surveys using the induced polarization (IP) – resistivity method, are presented as an effective tool to evaluate aquifer and hydrocarbon reservoirs at shallow depths. First, the electrochemical mechanisms responsible for generating IP effects in reservoir rocks are reviewed. Then, theoretical developments are proposed to reduce the inductive electromagnetic coupling from the underground IP effects, and to compute three fundamental electrical parameters, namely the apparent DC-resistivity, the apparent chargeability and relaxation time, both for frequency (FD) and time-domain (TD) data. These parameters are attributed to average representative volumes of the subsurface geology, which depends on the electrode array and its characteristic depth of investigation. The studied structure includes: an upper fresh-water sandstone aquifer of 60m average thickness; overlaying a 70m thick, prismatic sandstone oil-reservoir, sandwiched between shale sequences and laterally confined by intersecting normal faults. The data acquisitions were made using dipole-dipole electrode arrays, with lengths a of 50 and 100 m, and separations na, with n ranging from 1 to 12 (FD), and 1 to 6 (TD). The 2-D inverted pseudo-sections exhibit small distortions, attributed to differences in resolution, terrain effects and signal-to-noise ratios, but are consistent in outlining the following features: i) the detection of an upper resistive low-IP layer, representing a water-table aquifer; ii) a distinct electrical anomaly, related to the western bounding fault zone, depicted as a conductive chimney bordered by high resistive halos; iii) the separation of different geo-electrical units within the shale sequence sealing the reservoir; and iv) the delineation of the top of oil reservoir, defined by a slight increase in resistivity and by high IP values, at and above the oil reservoir.Keywords: electrical resistivity, induced polarization, aquifers, oil reservoirs.RESUMO. Levantamentos geofísicos usando resistividade e polarização induzida (PI) são apresentados como ferramenta eficaz para avaliar aquíferos e reservatórios petrolíferos em profundidades rasas. Primeiro, faz-se uma revisão dos mecanismos eletroquímicos geradores de PI em rochas reservatórios. Em seguida, propõem-se tratamentos teóricos para separar o acoplamento eletromagnético dos efeitos puros da PI subterrânea e calcular três parâmetros aparentes fundamentais: resistividade (ρ0,a), cargabilidade (mw,a) e tempo de relação (τ w,a), tanto no domínio da frequência (FD) quanto do tempo (TD). Esses parâmetros são atribuídos a centros volumétricos representativos da geologia, que dependem do arranjo de eletrodos e de suas profundidades de investigação. A estrutura estudada inclui: um aquífero arenoso superior, com 60m de espessura; sobreposto a um reservatório petrolífero prismático de arenitos, com 70m de espessura, intercalado entre sequências argilosas, e lateralmente confinado por falhas normais intercruzadas. Os dados foram adquiridos com arranjos dipolo-dipolo usando distâncias entre eletrodos de 50 e 100 m, e separações na, com n variando de 1 a 12 (FD) e 1 a 6 (TD). As seções 2-D invertidas exibem pequenas distorções, atribuídas a diferenças de resolução, efeitos de terreno e razão sinal-ruído, mas consistentes na identificação dos seguintes aspectos: (i) detecção de camada superior resistiva e baixo PI, representando o aquífero freático; (ii) anomalia elétrica relacionada à falha do limite ocidental, revelada como uma chaminé condutora com halos de maior resistividade; (iii) separação de duas unidades geoelétricas na sequência dos folhelhos selantes do reservatório; e (iv) delineamento do topo do reservatório de óleo, definido por um ligeiro aumento na resistividade e por altos valores de PI no e acima do reservatório.Palavras-chave: resistividade elétrica, polarização induzida, aquíferos, reservatórios.


Geophysics ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Hallof

The increased use of the induced‐polarization method in recent years has resulted in two methods of measurement. The measurements in the frequency domain (variable‐frequency method) rely on changes in the apparent resistivities measured as the frequency of the applied current is varied. The measurement in the time domain (pulse‐transient method) detects transients in the measured potentials when the applied current is interrupted. The “chargeability” is the parameter used in the pulse‐transient method, while both the “frequency effect” and the normalized parameter “metal factor” are used in the variable‐frequency method. The most useful parameter would be the one which best indicates the amount of metallic mineralization present. Eight sets of field results from variable‐frequency field surveys are shown. The cases are shown in pairs; in each pair, the geometry of the source is much the same. By comparing the resistivity, the frequency effect (chargeability), and metal‐factor data with the amount of mineralization indicated by the drilling results, the usefulness of these parameters can be evaluated.


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