MICROEARTHQUAKE LOCATION USING A MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD PROCESSOR

Geophysics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 960-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Leslie ◽  
R. P. Porter ◽  
R. C. Spindel
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spectral Density ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Spatial Coherence ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Array Processor ◽  
Cross Spectral Density ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge

Sonobuoy arrays located over the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, during the French‐American Mid‐Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS), have been used to measure the spatial coherence of sound pressure radiated from sea quakes and provide refined estimates of epicenter locations. These measurements were made with array elements separated by two km and tracked to an accuracy of 30 m relative to a bottom‐moored transponder. Spatial coherence, the normalized cross‐spectral density, has been found to be as high as 0.7 at 13 Hz and to be typically about 0.5 between 16 and 60 Hz. Short‐range events are significantly more coherent than long‐range events whose onset is smeared in time. A maximum‐likelihood array processor has been used to obtain accurate estimates of horizontal epicenter locations. The high‐resolution processor yields about three times the resolving power of the conventional delay and sum processor. The resolving power obtained with these arrays is consistent with measured spatial coherence.

scholarly journals A New Type of Shape-Invariant Beams with Structured Coherence: Laguerre-Christoffel-Darboux Beams

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Rosario Martínez-Herrero ◽  
Massimo Santarsiero ◽  
Gemma Piquero ◽  
Juan Carlos González de Sande
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Density ◽  
Spatial Coherence ◽  
Intensity Profile ◽  
Paraxial Approximation ◽  
Simple Analytical Expression ◽  
Analytical Expression ◽  
New Class ◽  
Shape Invariant ◽  
Cross Spectral Density ◽  
New Type

A new class of sources presenting structured coherence properties is introduced and analyzed. They are obtained as the incoherent superposition of coherent Laguerre-Gaussian modes with suitable coefficients. This ensures that the shape of the intensity profile and the spatial coherence features of the propagated beams are invariant during paraxial approximation. A simple analytical expression is obtained for the cross-spectral density of the sources of this class, regardless of the number of superposed modes. Properties of these sources are analyzed and described by several examples.

The High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment

The high resolution STEM is now a fact of life. I think that we have, in the last few years, demonstrated that this instrument is capable of the same resolving power as a CEM but is sufficiently different in its imaging characteristics to offer some real advantages.It seems possible to prove in a quite general way that only a field emission source can give adequate intensity for the highest resolution^ and at the moment this means operating at ultra high vacuum levels. Our experience, however, is that neither the source nor the vacuum are difficult to manage and indeed are simpler than many other systems and substantially trouble-free.

An Analysis of Dissociation of Molecules in a High Resolution Electron Microscope

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Mihir Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Molecular Film ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Dissociation Cross Section ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
The Stability

It is well known that the resolution of bio-molecules in a high resolution electron microscope depends not just on the physical resolving power of the instrument, but also on the stability of these molecules under the electron beam. Experimentally, the damage to the bio-molecules is commo ly monitored by the decrease in the intensity of the diffraction pattern, or more quantitatively by the decrease in the peaks of an energy loss spectrum. In the latter case the exposure, EC, to decrease the peak intensity from IO to I’O can be related to the molecular dissociation cross-section, σD, by EC = ℓn(IO /I’O) /ℓD. Qu ntitative data on damage cross-sections are just being reported, However, the microscopist needs to know the explicit dependence of damage on: (1) the molecular properties, (2) the density and characteristics of the molecular film and that of the support film, if any, (3) the temperature of the molecular film and (4) certain characteristics of the electron microscope used

Practical High Resolution Microscopy

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 302-303
Author(s):  
P. A. Marsh ◽  
T. Mullens ◽  
D. Price
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy ◽  
New Facilities

It is possible to exceed the guaranteed resolution on most electron microscopes by careful attention to microscope parameters essential for high resolution work. While our experience is related to a Philips EM-200, we hope that some of these comments will apply to all electron microscopes.The first considerations are vibration and magnetic fields. These are usually measured at the pre-installation survey and must be within specifications. It has been our experience, however, that these factors can be greatly influenced by the new facilities and therefore must be rechecked after the installation is completed. The relationship between the resolving power of an EM-200 and the maximum tolerable low frequency interference fields in milli-Oerstedt is 10 Å - 1.9, 8 Å - 1.4, 6 Å - 0.8.

A Super-High-Resolution HVEM (H-1500) Newly Installed in NIRIM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
S. Horiuchi ◽  
Y. Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
The Magnetic Field

A new high-voltage electron microscope (H-1500) specially aiming at super-high-resolution (1.0 Å point-to-point resolution) is now installed in National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials ( NIRIM ), in collaboration with Hitachi Ltd. The national budget of about 1 billion yen including that for a new building has been spent for the construction in the last two years (1988-1989). Here we introduce some essential characteristics of the microscope.(1) According to the analysis on the magnetic field in an electron lens, based on the finite-element-method, the spherical as well as chromatic aberration coefficients ( Cs and Cc ). which enables us to reach the resolving power of 1.0Å. have been estimated as a function of the accelerating As a result of the calculaton. it was noted that more than 1250 kV is needed even when we apply the highest level of the technology and materials available at present. On the other hand, we must consider the protection against the leakage of X-ray. We have then decided to set the conventional accelerating voltage at 1300 kV. However. the maximum accessible voltage is 1500 kV, which is practically important to realize higher voltage stabillity. At 1300 kV it is expected that Cs= 1.7 mm and Cc=3.4 mm with the attachment of the specimen holder, which tilts bi-axially in an angle of 35° ( Fig.1 ). In order to minimize the value of Cc a small tank is additionally placed inside the generator tank, which must serve to seal the magnetic field around the acceleration tube. An electron gun with LaB6 tip is used.

scholarly journals Assessing Riyadh’s Urban Change Utilizing High-Resolution Imagery

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Ali Alghamdi ◽  
Anthony R. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Training Data ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Spot 5

The implications of change on local processes have attracted significant research interest in recent times. In urban settings, green spaces and forests have attracted much attention. Here, we present an assessment of change within the predominantly desert Middle Eastern city of Riyadh, an understudied setting. We utilized high-resolution SPOT 5 data and two classification techniques—maximum likelihood classification and object-oriented classification—to study the changes in Riyadh between 2004 and 2014. Imagery classification was completed with training data obtained from the SPOT 5 dataset, and an accuracy assessment was completed through a combination of field surveys and an application developed in ESRI Survey 123 tool. The Survey 123 tool allowed residents of Riyadh to present their views on land cover for the 2004 and 2014 imagery. Our analysis showed that soil or ‘desert’ areas were converted to roads and buildings to accommodate for Riyadh’s rapidly growing population. The object-oriented classifier provided higher overall accuracy than the maximum likelihood classifier (74.71% and 73.79% vs. 92.36% and 90.77% for 2004 and 2014). Our work provides insights into the changes within a desert environment and establishes a foundation for understanding change in this understudied setting.

scholarly journals High-resolution multibeam bathymetry of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45–46° N: the Moytirra hydrothermal field

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-196
Author(s):  
Luis Somoza ◽  
Teresa Medialdea ◽  
Francisco J. González ◽  
Sara Machancoses ◽  
Jose A. Candón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Hydrothermal Field ◽  
Multibeam Bathymetry ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge

HIGH RESOLUTION RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GASES: I. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Stoicheff
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Polar Molecules ◽  
High Current ◽  
Rotational Constants ◽  
Moments Of Inertia

An apparatus for obtaining intense Raman spectra of gases excited by the Hg 4358 line is described. It consists of a mirror-type Raman tube irradiated by two high-current mercury lamps, completely enclosed in a reflector of magnesium oxide. The lamps are externally water-cooled along their entire length and emit sharp lines of high intensity.Rotational Raman spectra of gases at a pressure of 1 atm. have been photographed in the second order of a 21 ft. grating in exposure times of 6 to 24 hr. The Raman lines are sharp and a resolving power of about 100,000 has been achieved. It will be possible to resolve the rotational Raman spectra, and hence to evaluate the rotational constants of molecules having moments of inertia of up to 300 × 10−10 gm. cm.2 Such investigations will be especially useful for non-polar molecules.

A New Random Data Description and Its Use in Transferring Road Roughness to Vehicle Response

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 676-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Wambold ◽  
W. H. Park ◽  
R. G. Vashlishan
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Density ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Amplitude Distribution ◽  
Matrix Functions ◽  
Initial Portion ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Road Roughness ◽  
Cross Spectral Density

The initial portion of the paper discusses the more conventional method of obtaining a vehicle transfer function where phase and magnitude are determined by dividing the cross spectral density of the input/output by the power spectral density (PSD) of the input. The authors needed a more descriptive analysis (over PSD) and developed a new signal description called Amplitude Frequency Distribution (AFD); a discrete joint probability of amplitude and frequency with the advantage of retaining amplitude distribution as well as frequency distribution. A better understanding was obtained, and transfer matrix functions were developed using AFD.

Estimating SpO2 via Time-Efficient High-Resolution Harmonics Analysis and Maximum Likelihood Tracking

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiyi Fan ◽  
Yuepeng Yan ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
Fei Long ◽  
Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
High Resolution
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