REPORT ON THE LUNAR GEOLOGICAL FIELD CONFERENCE, BEND, OREGON, AUGUST 22–28, 1965

Geophysics ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
W. Hafner
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Primary Field ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Volcanic Terrain

A majority of the membership of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists is engaged, directly or indirectly, in the exploration for oil and gas. Since the habitat of these deposits is confined almost conclusively to the sedimentary portion of the earth’s crust, it is only natural that this portion constitutes their primary field of interest. Their concern with volcanic terrain is often but a negative one, being directed towards the determination of their occurrences and outlines for the purpose of eliminating them as potential oil hunting grounds. This, at least, has been the experience of the writer during a lifetime of oil exploration work. It will, therefore, be of interest to this group of geophysicists to take cognizance of another field of application of the geophysical methods: their use in the investigation of volcanic and impact structures. While this activity is presently of limited extent and confined to the earth, it may in the foreseeable future be extended to the exploration of the moon. The writer had the good fortune to become more fully aware of this field of activity as the representative of the SEG at the recent Lunar Geological Field Conference.

Automated Determination of the Position of Ships by Satellites

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 281-285
Author(s):  
H. C. Freiesleben
Keyword(s):  
Celestial Body ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Position Determination ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Navigational Aids ◽  
Automated Determination

It has recently been suggested that 24-hour satellites might be used as navigational aids. To what category of position determination aids should these be assigned ? Is a satellite of this kind as it were a landmark, because, at least in theory, it remains fixed over the same point on the Earth's surface, in which case it should be classified under land-based navigation aids ? Is it a celestial body, although only one tenth as far from the Earth as the Moon ? If so, it is an astronomical navigation aid. Or is it a radio aid ? After all, its use for position determination depends on radio waves. In this paper I shall favour this last view. For automation is most feasible when an object of observation can be manipulated. This is easiest with radio aids, but it is, of course, impossible with natural stars.At present artificial satellites have the advantage over all other radio aids of world-wide coverage.

scholarly journals The Lunar orbit paradox

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Tomic
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Mass ◽  
Lunar Orbit ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Origin Of The Moon ◽  
Force Intensity ◽  
Critical Consideration

Newton's formula for gravity force gives greather force intensity for atraction of the Moon by the Sun than atraction by the Earth. However, central body in lunar (primary) orbit is the Earth. So appeared paradox which were ignored from competent specialist, because the most important problem, determination of lunar orbit, was inmediately solved sufficiently by mathematical ingeniosity - introducing the Sun as dominant body in the three body system by Delaunay, 1860. On this way the lunar orbit paradox were not canceled. Vujicic made a owerview of principles of mechanics in year 1998, in critical consideration. As an example for application of corrected procedure he was obtained gravity law in some different form, which gave possibility to cancel paradox of lunar orbit. The formula of Vujicic, with our small adaptation, content two type of acceleration - related to inertial mass and related to gravity mass. So appears carried information on the origin of the Moon, and paradox cancels.

scholarly journals Commission 19: Rotation of the Earth

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. S. Yatskiv ◽  
W. J. Klepczynski ◽  
F. Barlier ◽  
H. Enslin ◽  
C. Kakuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Laser Ranging ◽  
Earth’S Rotation ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Earth's Rotation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Terrestrial Reference System ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth

During the period, work on the problem of the Earth’s rotation has continued to expand and increase its scope. The total number of institutions engaged in the determination of the Earth’s rotation parameters (ERP) by different techniques has been increased significantly. The rotation of the Earth is currently measured by classical astrometry, Doppler and laser satellite tracking, laser ranging of the Moon, and radio interferometry. Several long time series of the ERP are available from most of these techniques, in particular, those made during the Main Campaign of the MERIT project. The various series have been intercompared and their stability, in the time frame of years to days, has been estimated for the purposes of establishing a new conventional terrestrial reference system (COTES). On the other hand, the difficulties of maintaining a regular operation for laser ranging to the Moon (LLR) have been recognized. It resulted in the proposal to organize an one-month campaign of observations in 1985 in order to complement the COTES collocation program and to allow additional intercomparisons with other techniques.

scholarly journals The Shape of the Moon

1972 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Runcorn ◽  
S. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Global Shape ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Intrinsic Scatter ◽  
Simple Statistical Analysis

The determination of the heights of points on the lunar surface by Earth based astronomy using the geometrical librations, although individually of low accuracy, still provides our best method of obtaining the global shape of the Moon. The intrinsic scatter of the results arises from the effects of ‘seeing’ and simple statistical analysis is required to derive valid conclusions about the shape. Baldwin's method of fitting ellipsoidal surfaces to the points on the maria and uplands, separately by the method of least squares proves to be a valuable tool.Analyses of the ACIC points and of the Pic du Midi studies of G. A. Mills show that good first descriptions of the global shape of the Moon for both the maria and uplands are triaxial ellipsoids with their long axes within 10° of the Earth direction, the major axis of the maria being about 1.3 km smaller than that of the uplands. Of particular significance is that the ellipticity of these surfaces is about 2½ times greater than the dynamical ellipticity; thus the non-hydrostatic figure of the Moon is not simply the result of distortion from a uniform Moon during its early history. The angular variation in density within the Moon cannot be simply a phenomena within the crust but must extend to a great depth. Convection could provide an explanation.The departures of the lunar surface from the idealised ellipsoids are also of interest. The circular maria are systematically depressed relative to the maria ellipsoid: can the mascons have adjusted isostatically since their formation? Systematic differences in height between the western and eastern southern uplands are also noted.

scholarly journals Purnama-Tilem: Konsep Rwa Bhinneda Pada Wariga Di Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Wasudewa Bhattacarya
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Universe

<p><em>The spread of Hinduism from India to Indonesia is the result of acculturation of culture which then brought the concepts of Astronomy-Astrology in </em><em>Jyotiṣa </em><em>to Indonesia and Bali. Arriving in Bali, the concept of Astronomy-Astrology is known as Wariga. Wariga’s existence gave rise to holy days in the implementation of Yajña. One of them is the holy day of Purnama-Tilem. The determination of this holy day is based on the appearance of the moon from the earth as a repetitive cycle. If the moon appears perfectly round from the earth, it is called Purnama (Full Moon), whereas if the moon is not visible from the earth it is called Tilem (Dark Moon). This shows that there are two very basic differences in  determining Purnama  and  Tilem.  Dualistic this difference in Hinduism is called Rwa Bhinneda. Rwa Binneda is a polarization of life that speaks of all forms of dualism such as, top down, right left, dark light, and so on. Based on manuscipts in Bali, the existence of Purnama and Tilem shows a dualism in Hindu Theology called Sanghyang Rwa Bhinneda there  are Sanghyang Wulan and Sanghyang Surya at the level of </em><em>Saguṇa </em><em>Brahman. The dualism of the difference between Purnama and Tilem also influences Bhuwana Agung and Bhuwana Alit. The difference in the meaning of Purnama and Tilem is not something bad, but through this difference will bring about a balance between God, humans and the universe so that all beings will be able to reach the Moksartham Jagadhita ya ca iti Dharma.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong><em></em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Siderophile element constraints on the origin of the Moon

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2024) ◽  
pp. 20130258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
Element Abundances ◽  
Giant Impact ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Precision Determination ◽  
Mantle Sources ◽  
Volcanic Glasses ◽  
High Precision Determination ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

Discovery of small enrichments in 182 W/ 184 W in some Archaean rocks, relative to modern mantle, suggests both exogeneous and endogenous modifications to highly siderophile element (HSE) and moderately siderophile element abundances in the terrestrial mantle. Collectively, these isotopic enrichments suggest the formation of chemically fractionated reservoirs in the terrestrial mantle that survived the putative Moon-forming giant impact, and also provide support for the late accretion hypothesis. The lunar mantle sources of volcanic glasses and basalts were depleted in HSEs relative to the terrestrial mantle by at least a factor of 20. The most likely explanations for the disparity between the Earth and Moon are either that the Moon received a disproportionately lower share of late accreted materials than the Earth, such as may have resulted from stochastic late accretion, or the major phase of late accretion occurred prior to the Moon-forming event, and the putative giant impact led to little drawdown of HSEs to the Earth's core. High precision determination of the 182 W isotopic composition of the Moon can help to resolve this issue.

scholarly journals The results of direct-prospecting geophysical methods used for the detection and localization of zones of hydrogen accumulation and migration in the Earth and the Moon cross-sections

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
M.A. Yakymchuk ◽  
◽  
I.M. Korchagin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Frequency Resonance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Basaltic Volcanoes ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Hydrogen Accumulation

The results of experimental studies at the hydrogen production site, hydrogen degassing sites in various regions, as well as on the Moon are presented. Experiments using the direct-prospecting technology of frequency- resonance processing and interpretation of satellite images and photographs are carried out in order to study the features of the deep structure in the areas of hydrogen degassing. The results of instrumental measurements indicate that, in the areas of the basalt volcanoes location with roots at different depths, signals at hydrogen frequencies are almost always recorded. When scanning the cross-section, responses from hydrogen are recorded practically from the upper edges of basalt volcanoes to their roots. Therefore, it can be assumed that basaltic volcanoes are a kind of channels through which hydrogen migrates to the upper horizons of the crosssection and further into the atmosphere. Deep (living) water is synthesized within many basalt volcanoes at a depth of 68 km. Hydrogen-rich water is healing and can be used for wellness purposes. All previously surveyed longevity zones on the Earth are located within basalt volcanoes, in which water synthesized at a depth of 68 km migrates to the surface and is used for the water supply. Hydrogen deposits can be formed by basaltic volcanoes in adjacent sealed reservoirs. The Mali hydrogen production site is located outside the contour of the basalt volcano; hydrogen responses were recorded from marl at the well site. At local sites in the Carpathians, signals from hydrogen are obtained from dolomites and marls. Hydrogen deposits formed near basalt volcanoes in different types of reservoirs can be discovered and localized during areal exploration using the methods of frequency- resonance processing of satellite images and photographs. Direct-prospecting technology can also be used to study reservoirs in crystalline rocks (including basalts). The materials of the article, as well as the previously published results of experimental work in various regions, indicate the advisability of using direct-prospecting methods of frequency–resonance processing of satellite images and photographs to detect zones of hydrogen accumulation in areas, where basalt volcanoes are located, as well as in areas of hydrogen degassing. The use of the mobile low-cost technology will significantly speed up the exploration process for hydrogen, as well as reduce the financial costs for its implementation.

Determination of Horizontal and Vertical Control Points for Lunar Mapping

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Marvin Q. Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Army Corps ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Vertical Control ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Map Service ◽  
Lunar Mapping

The determination of horizontal and vertical control points has been undertaken by the Army Map Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to assure that the entire surface of the Moon which is visible from the Earth may be shown in detail and with greater accuracy than that of any existing map.

scholarly journals Rotation of the Solar System Bodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 508-536
Author(s):  
B. Kolaczek
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Solid Body ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Photometric Observations ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Better Than

Solar System bodies are different. They have different sizes, from large planets to small asteroids, and shapes. They have different structure, from solid body to solid body with fluid atmosphere or core, to gaseous bodies, but all of them rotate. The Solar System is a big laboratory for studying rotation of solid and fluid bodies.Different observational methods are applied to determine the rotation of the Solar system bodies. They depend on the position of the observer and on the structure of the bodies. The most accurate methods, laser ranging to the Moon and artificial satellites and Very Long Base radio Interferometry have been applied to the determination of the rotation of the Earth and the Moon. Their accuracy is better than 0.001”, which on the surface of the Earth corresponds to about 3 cm. Radiotracking of artifical satellites have been used for Earth, Moon, Venus, Mars. In the case of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto-Charon magnetic and photometric observations have been used respectively. Their accuracy is of the order of one tenth of a degree.

Ballistic design of missions involving the delivery of Lunar soil to the Earth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Gordienko ◽  
A.V. Simonov ◽  
P.A. Khudorozhkov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Initial Approximation ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Central Field ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
Reference Orbit ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Two Parameter

The paper discusses the design of a mission for delivering lunar soil to the Earth. The analysis of its main stages is carried out. These stages include possible flight pattern selection, analysis of the flight from the Earth to the circular orbit of the Moon artificial satellite, determination of trajectories of removal from lunar surface into the reference orbit, the search for return paths that depart from the Moon and fall into a given area on the Earth’s surface. A variant of determining the initial approximation for the method of return paths constructing is proposed. It is based on solving a two-parameter boundary value problem in the central field of the Earth. Varying the duration of the flight from the Moon to the Earth and the time of the spacecraft approach to the Earth, pointing return trajectory into vicinity of the polygon P is achieved for a given perigee radius. The article presents the main characteristics of the mission obtained using this technique.

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