SOUND VELOCITY vs. TEMPERATURE IN WATER‐SATURATED SEDIMENTS

Geophysics ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Shumway
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Sound Velocity ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Water Behavior ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Sediment Mixture ◽  
Chamber Technique

Sound velocity vs. temperature was measured in a continental shelf silt, a calcareous ooze, a deep‐sea red clay, a continental slope clay, and a quartz sand using a resonant chamber technique. The temperature effect on these water‐saturated sediments was approximately the same as for water alone; this similarity to water behavior would be expected inasmuch as the compressibility of a water‐sediment mixture is dominantly due to the relatively large water compressibility.

A RESONANT CHAMBER METHOD FOR SOUND VELOCITY AND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS IN SEDIMENTS

Geophysics ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Shumway
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Sound Velocity ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Resonance Method ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Shallow Water Sediments

Sound velocity and attenuation measurements in unconsolidated marine sediments have been made by a resonance method which utilizes a thin‐walled plastic cylinder as a pressure‐release container to hold samples. Velocities were determined from resonant frequencies which lay between 23 and 36 kc/sec for the 2 inch diameter by 4 inch long cylindrical container used. Attenuation was determined from the sharpness of the resonant modes. Relatively undisturbed sediment samples were obtained by diver, in shallow water, using the same plastic containers in which the acoustic measurements are made. Deep sea samples were obtained by cutting sections from cores which were taken in plastic tubes. Velocities for shallow water sediments in the San Diego area ranged from 4,840 ft/sec (0.978 times sea water velocity) for fine silt to 5,680 ft/sec (1.147 times sea water velocity) for medium sand, measured at 60°F. and atmospheric pressure. Velocities in deep‐sea red clay samples ranged between 0.980 and 1.040 times the sea water velocity, at 60°F. and atmospheric pressure. Attenuation coefficients for shallow‐water San Diego sediments varied from about 1 to 4 db/ft for silts, to about 3 to 8 db/ft for sand.

V.—Manganese in the Sea

1876 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Church
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Sea Bottom ◽  
Ample Supply

To the geologist, the mineralogist and the chemist, two of the observations made during the voyage of the Challenger are of especial interest. One of these observations is the occurrence over vast areas of the deep sea bottom of a peculiar red clay, containing silica, peroxide of iron, and alumina. The other discovery to which I refer has been described by Sir Wyville Thomson as the occurrence throughout this red clay of nodules of “nearly pure peroxide of manganese.” To these nodules, as well us to the red clay, an organic origin has been assigned. But the immediate source of so much manganese is hard to find, for this element is by no means an abundant constituent of animal or vegetable organisms. The difficulty is, however, somewhat lessened when the manganese nodules are submitted to a more minute chemical examination. From two correspondents I have received an ample supply of these curious concretions, accompanied by a suggestion that they should be submitted to chemical analysis.

scholarly journals BENTONITE-QUARTZ SAND AS THE BACKFILL MATERIALS ON THE RADIOACTIVE WASTE REPOSITORY

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Raharjo Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Retardation Factor ◽  
Backfill Materials ◽  
Uranium Migration ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Bentonite Particle

An investigation of the contribution of quartz sand in the bentonite mixture as the backfill materials on the shallow land burial of radioactive waste has been done. The experiment objective is to determine the effect of quartz sand in a bentonite mixture with bentonite particle sizes of -20+40, -40+60, and -60+80 mesh on the retardation factor and the uranium dispersion in the simulation of uranium migration in the backfill materials. The experiment was carried out by the fixed bed method in the column filled by the bentonite mixture with a bentonite-to-quartz sand weight percent ratio of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0 on the water saturated condition flown by uranyl nitrate solution at concentration (Co) of 500 ppm. The concentration of uranium in the effluents in interval 15 minutes represented as Ct was analyzed by spectrophotometer, then using Co and Ct, retardation factor (R) and dispersivity () were determined. The experiment data showed that the bentonite of -60+80 mesh and the quartz sand of -20+40 mesh on bentonite-to-quartz sand with weight percent ratio of 50/50 gave the highest retardation factor and dispersivity of 18.37 and 0.0363 cm, respectively.   Keywords: bentonite, quartz sand, backfill materials, radioactive waste  

Deep-Sea Faunal Zonation of Benthos along Beaufort-Bermuda Transect in the North-western Atlantic

1972 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Y. George ◽  
Robert J. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
The North ◽  
Shelf Slope ◽  
Abyssal Zone

SynopsisIn this paper the subject of faunal zonation in the ocean floor from the intertidal, and over the continental shelf, slope and rise and to the abyssal plain is examined on the basis of faunal change at the generic and species level. The region investigated over a period of five years aboard R/V Eastward is a Beaufort-Bermuda transect, approximately 75 kilometres wide and 500 kilometres long and bounded between 32° and 36°N latitude and 64° and 79°W longitude. A new method, involving numerical indices reflecting changes in the composition of taxa, endemism and diversity between adjacent depth levels, was developed for defining faunal boundaries. Isotherms and isobaths utilised by earlier authors for characterising deep-sea boundary on a global scale do not coincide with natural faunal boundaries. This study analyses the vertical distribution of 128 species of isopod crustaceans and 28 species of large epibenthic invertebrates. The zonation patterns seem to correspond with correlations in environmental conditions such as currents, topography and sediments.We suggest four major vertical faunal provinces, characterised at the generic level, namely (1) the Intertidal Faunal Province; (2) the Shelf Faunal Province; (3) the Archibenthal Zone of Transition; and (4) the Abyssal Faunal Province and internal zones within these characterised at the species level. The main aspects of interest include the presence of a narrow ‘meso abyssal zone’ with a species maximum, the demonstration of the true transitional nature of the Archibenthal Zone in biotic and abiotic factors and the characteristic low-biomass Red Clay environment showing definite faunal isolation from the continental margin.

scholarly journals XXXII.—On the Manganese Oxides and Manganese Nodules in Marine Deposits

1895 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Murray ◽  
Robert Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Manganese Deposits ◽  
Volcanic Debris ◽  
Challenger Deep

During the “Challenger” Deep-Sea Exploring Expedition a great many peculiar-looking manganese nodules or concretions were dredged from the floor of the ocean at great depths, chiefly in the Red Clay areas of the Pacific, but also in less abundance in the Red Clays of the Atlantic. In the other varieties of Deep-Sea deposits these nodules were much less abundant than in the Red Clays.In still more recent soundings, both American and British ships have discovered in many regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans a dark-brown coloured deposit containing a large amount of manganese dioxide, similar in character to the Red Clays from which the “Challenger” procured the largest hauls of manganese nodules. There is then every reason for supposing that manganese deposits and nodules are very widely distributed over the ocean's bed, especially in deep water at great distances from land. It was only occasionally that manganese nodules were present in any abundance in a Globigerina Ooze, and in these exceptional instances there was always much volcanic debris associated with the deposit. In the Blue Muds surrounding continental shores manganese nodules were rarely observed; still, on some rocks and boulders dredged from terrigenous deposits, a coating of manganese dioxide was observed on that portion of the stone which had projected above the surface of the mud.

scholarly journals Sound velocity in the deep sea: Examination of measurement data obtained from a deep submergence vehicle

1993 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1803-1803
Author(s):  
Toshio Tsuchiya ◽  
Yasutaka Amitani ◽  
Hiroshi Ochi ◽  
Toshiaki Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Sound Velocity ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Measurement Data
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