A GRAVITY MAXIMUM IN THE GREAT VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA DUE TO THE ISOSTATIC EFFECT OF THE SIERRA NEVADA

Geophysics ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Ivanhoe

A gravity maximum extends along the full length of the Great Valley of California. This feature is believed to represent the western limit of the gravity effect due to the adjustment of the Sierra Nevada isostatic block. Recognition that such a maximum with a sedimentary basin may be due to isostasy rather than to shallow geologic features assists in the interpretation of gravity data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alistair Stronach

<p><b>New Zealand’s capital city of Wellington lies in an area of high seismic risk, which is further increased by the sedimentary basin beneath the Central Business District (CBD). Ground motion data and damage patterns from the 2013 Cook Strait and 2016 Kaikōura earthquakes indicate that two- and three-dimensional amplification effects due to the Wellington sedimentary basin may be significant. These effects are not currently accounted for in the New Zealand Building Code. In order for this to be done, three-dimensional simulations of earthquake shaking need to be undertaken, which requires detailed knowledge of basin geometry. This is currently lacking, primarily because of a dearth of deep boreholes in the CBD area, particularly in Thorndon and Pipitea where sediment depths are estimated to be greatest.</b></p> <p>A new basin depth map for the Wellington CBD has been created by conducting a gravity survey using a modern Scintrex CG-6 gravity meter. Across the study area, 519 new high precision gravity measurements were made and a residual anomaly map created, showing a maximum amplitude anomaly of -6.2 mGal with uncertainties better than ±0.1 mGal. Thirteen two-dimensional geological profiles were modelled to fit the anomalies, then combined with existing borehole constraints to construct the basin depth map. </p> <p>Results indicate on average greater depths than in existing models, particularly in Pipitea where depths are interpreted to be as great as 450 m, a difference of 250 m. Within 1 km of shore depths are interpreted to increase further, to 600 m. The recently discovered basin bounding Aotea Fault is resolved in the gravity data, where the basement is offset by up to 13 m, gravity anomaly gradients up to 8 mGal/km are observed, and possible multiple fault strands identified. A secondary strand of the Wellington Fault is also identified in the north of Pipitea, where gravity anomaly gradients up to 18 mGal/km are observed.</p>


Geosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2018-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa V. Bernardino ◽  
Craig H. Jones ◽  
William Levandowski ◽  
Ian Bastow ◽  
Thomas J. Owens ◽  
...  

Abstract The Isabella anomaly, a prominent upper-mantle high-speed P-wave anomaly located within the southern Great Valley and southwestern foothills of the Sierra Nevada, has been interpreted either as foundering sub-Sierran lithosphere or as remnant oceanic lithosphere. We used Vp/Vs anisotropy tomography to distinguish among the probable origins of the Isabella anomaly. S waveforms were rotated into the Sierran SKSFast and SKSSlow directions determined from SKS-splitting studies. Teleseismic P-, SFast-, SSlow-, SKSFast-, and SKSSlow-wave arrival times were then inverted to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) perturbations in Vp, Vp/VsMean, and percent azimuthal anisotropy using three surface wave 3-D starting models and one one-dimensional (1-D) model. We observed the highest Vp/Vs anomalies associated with slower velocities in regions marked by young volcanism, with the largest of these anomalies being the Mono anomaly under the Long Valley region, which extends to depths of at least 75 km. Peak Vp/Vs perturbations of +4% were found at 40 km depth. The low velocities and high Vp/Vs values of this anomaly could be related to partial melt. The high wave speeds of the Isabella anomaly coincide with low Vp/Vs values with peak perturbations of −2%, yet they do not covary spatially. The P-wave inversion imaged the Isabella anomaly as a unimodal eastward-plunging body. However, the volume of that Isabella anomaly contains three separate bodies as defined by varying Vp/Vs values. High speeds, regionally average Vp/Vs values (higher than the other two anomalies), and lower anisotropy characterize the core of the Isabella anomaly. The western and shallowest part has high wave speeds and lower Vp/Vs values than the surrounding mantle. The eastern and deepest part of the anomaly also contains high speeds and lower Vp/Vs values but exhibits higher anisotropy. We considered combinations of varying temperature, Mg content (melt depletion), or modal garnet to reproduce our observations. Our results suggest that the displaced garnet-rich mafic root of the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada batholith is found in the core of the Isabella anomaly. If remnant oceanic lithosphere exists within the Isabella anomaly, it most likely resides in the shallow, westernmost feature. Within the Sierra Nevada, the highest upper-mantle anisotropy is largely contained within the central portion of the range and the adjacent Great Valley. Anisotropy along the Sierra crest is shallow and confined to the lithosphere between 20 and 40 km depth. Directly below, there is a zone of low anisotropy (from 170 to 220 km depth), low velocities, and high Vp/Vs values. These features suggest the presence of vertically upwelling asthenosphere and consequent horizontal flow at shallower depths. High anisotropy beneath the adjacent western foothills and Great Valley is found at ∼120 km depth and could represent localized mantle deformation produced as asthenosphere filled in a slab gap.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4054
Author(s):  
Fabio Pulvirenti ◽  
Francesca Silverii ◽  
Maurizio Battaglia

The Long Valley Caldera, located at the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada range in California, has been in a state of unrest since the late 1970s. Seismic, gravity and geodetic data strongly suggest that the source of unrest is an intrusion beneath the caldera resurgent dome. However, it is not clear yet if the main contribution to the deformation comes from pulses of ascending high-pressure hydrothermal fluids or low viscosity magmatic melts. To characterize the nature of the intrusion, we developed a 3D finite element model which includes topography and crust heterogeneities. We first performed joint numerical inversions of uplift and Electronic Distance Measurement baseline length change data, collected during the period 1985–1999, to infer the deformation-source size, position, and overpressure. Successively, we used this information to refine the source overpressure estimation, compute the gravity potential and infer the intrusion density from the inversion of deformation and gravity data collected in 1982–1998. The deformation source is located beneath the resurgent dome, at a depth of 7.5 ± 0.5 km and a volume change of 0.21 ± 0.04 km3. We assumed a rhyolite compressibility of 0.026 ± 0.0011 GPa−1 (volume fraction of water between 0% and 30%) and estimated a reservoir compressibility of 0.147 ± 0.037 GPa−1. We obtained a density of 1856 ± 72 kg/m3. This density is consistent with a rhyolite melt, with 20% to 30% of dissolved hydrothermal fluids.


2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Renata Constantino ◽  
Eder Cassola Molina

ABSTRACT. This paper estimated the basement depth of the Santos Basin region, S˜ao Paulo State, Brazil, combining gravity data obtained from satellite altimetry and marine gravimetry, bathymetric data and sediment thickness from international data banks, and crustal thickness data available in the region. The first step consisted of calculating the gravity effect of sediments in Santos Basin, and the Crustal Mantle Interface (CMI) was modeled from constrained gravity inversion. Subsequently, the reliability of the models obtained was tested by flexural analysis with satisfactory results, as the flexural and gravimetric CMIs showed good agreement. The gravity effect of flexural CMI and the gravity effect of sediments were then calculated and subtracted from the original Bouguer anomaly. The residual field thus obtained, which is assumed to represent the topographical features of the basement, was inverted in the last step of the work, providing information that shows a basement with features of up to 700 m that appear to be in agreement with tectonic features previous discussed, such as the Avedis volcanic chain. The basement depth estimated during this study showed depths ranging from 1,500 to 10,500 m, and the deepest region is consistent with the Cabo Frio Fault. The methodology used in the study showed that from a combined data analysis, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional model of the basement in ocean areas. This non-seismic approach can be advantageous in terms of efficiency and cost. The knowledge of the basement can offer important insights for the development of genetic and tectonic models of exploratory interest in the region.Keywords: basement, Santos Basin, gravity. RESUMO. Este trabalho visa estimar a profundidade do embasamento na região da Bacia de Santos por meio de uma análise combinada de dados gravimétricos obtidos a partir de altimetria por satélite e gravimetria marinha, com dados batimétricos e modelos de espessura sedimentar provenientes de bancos de dados internacionais e dados de espessura crustal disponíveis na região. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foi calculado o efeito do pacote sedimentar no sinal gravimétrico na Bacia de Santos, como também foi modelada a profundidade da Interface Crosta Manto (ICM) a partir de inversão gravimétrica com vínculos. Na etapa seguinte, a confiabilidade dos modelos obtidos foi testada através de an´álise flexural e o resultado foi satisfatório, mostrando que a ICM flexural e a ICM gravimétrica estão em concordância. Prosseguindo para etapa seguinte, o efeito gravimétrico da ICM encontrada por análise flexural e o efeito gravimétrico dos sedimentos foram então calculados e subtraídos da anomalia Bouguer original. O campo residual assim obtido, que se admite representar as feições topográficas do embasamento, foi invertido na última etapa do trabalho, fornecendo informações que mostram um embasamento com feições topográficas de até 700 m, que parecem estar em concordância com feições tectônicas discutidas em trabalhos pretéritos, como por exemplo a cadeia vulcânica Avedis. A profundidade do embasamento estimada durante este trabalho mostrou profundidades que vão desde 1.500 a 10.500 m, sendo que a região mais profunda corresponde à falha de Cabo Frio. Este trabalho demonstrou que, a partir de uma análise combinada de dados, é possível obter um modelo tridimensional do embasamento. O método, por ser não sísmico, pode ser vantajoso em questões de eficiência. O conhecimento deste embasamento é crucial na identificação de feições tectônicas, enquanto as informações sobre sua profundidade e topografia podem oferecer importantes subsídios para a elaboração de modelos genéticos e tectônicos de interesse exploratório na região.Palavras-chave: embasamento, Bacia de Santos, gravimetria.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Hernandez ◽  
◽  
Bethany G. Rysak ◽  
Kathleen DeGraaff Surpless ◽  
Andrew P. Barth ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen D. Surpless ◽  
◽  
Diane Clemens-Knott ◽  
Andrew Barth ◽  
Michelle L. Gevedon ◽  
...  

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