scholarly journals Lack of effect of glutamine administration to boost the innate immune system response in trauma patients in the intensive care unit

Critical Care ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. R233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Pérez-Bárcena ◽  
Catalina Crespí ◽  
Verónica Regueiro ◽  
Pedro Marsé ◽  
Joan M Raurich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
System Response ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Immune System Response

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Aedes aegypti Innate Immune System in Response to Ingestion of Chikungunya Virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Zhao ◽  
Barry W. Alto ◽  
Yongxing Jiang ◽  
Fahong Yu ◽  
Yanping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
System Response ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Immune System Response

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of emergent mosquito-borne viruses, including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To understand how these viruses interact with their mosquito vectors, an analysis of the innate immune system response was conducted. The innate immune system is a conserved evolutionary defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to compare target transcriptomes of two Florida Ae. aegypti strains in response to chikungunya virus infection. We analyzed a strain collected from a field population in Key West, Florida, and a laboratory strain originating from Orlando. A total of 1835 transcripts were significantly expressed at different levels between the two Florida strains of Ae. aegypti. Gene Ontology analysis placed these genes into 12 categories of biological processes, including 856 transcripts (up/down regulated) with more than 1.8-fold (p-adj (p-adjust value) ≤ 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis and q-PCR data indicated that the members of the AaeCECH genes are important for chikungunya infection response in Ae. aegypti. These immune-related enzymes that the chikungunya virus infection induces may inform molecular-based strategies for interruption of arbovirus transmission by mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Human Monocytes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav A. Vasilichin ◽  
Sergey A. Tsymbal ◽  
Anna F. Fakhardo ◽  
Elizaveta I. Anastasova ◽  
Andrey S. Marchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
System Response ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Fragmented Data

For the widespread application of nanotechnology in biomedicine, it is necessary to obtain information about their safety. A critical problem is presented by the host immune responses to nanomaterials. It is assumed that the innate immune system plays a crucial role in the interaction of nanomaterials with the host organism. However, there are only fragmented data on the activation of innate immune system factors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), by some nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we investigated TLRs’ activation by clinically relevant and promising NPs, such as Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Ag2O, and AlOOH. Cytotoxicity and effects on innate immunity factors were studied in THP-1(Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1) cell culture. NPs caused an increase of TLR-4 and -6 expression, which was comparable with the LPS-induced level. This suggests that the studied NPs can stimulate the innate immune system response inside the host. The data obtained should be taken into account in future research and to create safe-by-design biomedical nanomaterials.

scholarly journals The innate immune system and neurogenesis as modulating mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in pre-clinical studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1086-1097
Author(s):  
Juliette Giacobbe ◽  
Carmine M Pariante ◽  
Alessandra Borsini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
System Response ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a powerful and fast-acting anti-depressant strategy, often used in treatment-resistant patients. In turn, patients with treatment-resistant depression often present an increased inflammatory response. The impact of ECT on several pathophysiological mechanisms of depression has been investigated, with a focus which has largely been on cellular and synaptic plasticity. Although changes in the immune system are known to influence neurogenesis, these processes have principally been explored independently from each other in the context of ECT. Objective: The aim of this review was to compare the time-dependent consequences of acute and chronic ECT on concomitant innate immune system and neurogenesis-related outcomes measured in the central nervous system in pre-clinical studies. Results: During the few hours following acute electroconvulsive shock (ECS), the expression of the astrocytic reactivity marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and inflammatory genes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), were significantly increased together with the neurogenic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cell proliferation. Similarly, chronic ECS caused an initial upregulation of the same astrocytic marker, immune genes, and neurogenic factors. Interestingly, over time, inflammation appeared to be dampened, while glial activation and neurogenesis were maintained, after either acute or chronic ECS. Conclusion: Regardless of treatment duration ECS would seemingly trigger a rapid increase in inflammatory molecules, dampened over time, as well as a long-lasting activation of astrocytes and production of growth and neurotrophic factors, leading to cell proliferation. This suggests that both innate immune system response and neurogenesis might contribute to the efficacy of ECT.

scholarly journals Hypercapnia: An Aggravating Factor in Asthma

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3207
Author(s):  
Masahiko Shigemura ◽  
Tetsuya Homma ◽  
Jacob I Sznajder
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Respiratory Disorder ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Alveolar Hypoventilation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder with relatively good outcomes in the majority of patients with appropriate maintenance therapy. However, in a small minority, patients can experience severe asthma with respiratory failure and hypercapnia, necessitating intensive care unit admission. Hypercapnia occurs due to alveolar hypoventilation and insufficient removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood. Although mild hypercapnia is generally well tolerated in patients with asthma, there is accumulating evidence that elevated levels of CO2 can act as a gaso-signaling molecule, triggering deleterious effects in various organs such as the lung, skeletal muscles and the innate immune system. Here, we review recent advances on pathophysiological response to hypercapnia and discuss potential detrimental effects of hypercapnia in patients with asthma.

The older brain, inflammation, vaccination and the prevention of dementia

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-308
Author(s):  
JW Neal
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Amyloid Plaque ◽  
Transgenic Animal ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Amyloid Peptide ◽  
System Response ◽  
Protective Function

SummaryAn important protective function of the brain's innate immune system is to detect the presence of proteins such as amyloid and to remove them before they become neurotoxic, as is thought to occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ageing affects the immune system response to infection and can influence the systemic response to vaccination and other potential immunotherapeutic agents. The generation of systemic antibodies is a vital component of the immune response, facilitating the identification and clearance of pathogens from the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental evidence using transgenic animal models of AD has shown successful clearance of amyloid from the CNS following vaccination with an amyloid peptide, and consequently a trial of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) vaccination was undertaken in older people with AD. This produced some unexpected results, as not only was there evidence for amyloid plaque removal, but also a small number of cases developed encephalitis. A detailed review of the response to vaccination and the neuropathology findings are discussed, showing that the findings are understandable given the effects of ageing upon the innate immune system in the brain. Finally, the therapeutic potential of manipulating the regulatory components of the ageing innate immune system in order to inhibit brain inflammation and reduce cognitive decline is outlined.

scholarly journals Innate Immune System Response to Burn Damage—Focus on Cytokine Alteration

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 716
Author(s):  
Olga Sierawska ◽  
Paulina Małkowska ◽  
Cansel Taskin ◽  
Rafał Hrynkiewicz ◽  
Paulina Mertowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
System Response ◽  
Burn Shock ◽  
Negative Consequences

In the literature, burns are understood as traumatic events accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality among affected patients. Their characteristic feature is the formation of swelling and redness at the site of the burn, which indicates the development of inflammation. This reaction is not only important in the healing process of wounds but is also responsible for stimulating the patient’s innate immune system. As a result of the loss of the protective ability of the epidermis, microbes which include bacteria, fungi, and viruses have easier access to the system, which can result in infections. However, the patient is still able to overcome the infections that occur through a cascade of cytokines and growth factors stimulated by inflammation. Long-term inflammation also has negative consequences for the body, which may result in multi-organ failure or lead to fibrosis and scarring of the skin. The innate immune response to burns is not only immediate, but also severe and prolonged, and some people with burn shock may also experience immunosuppression accompanied by an increased susceptibility to fatal infections. This immunosuppression includes apoptosis-induced lymphopenia, decreased interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion, neutrophil storm, impaired phagocytosis, and decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR. This is why it is important to understand how the immune system works in people with burns and during infections of wounds by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular pathways of cell signaling of the immune system of people affected by burns, taking into account the role of microbial infections.

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