Seismic vertical array analysis of the velocity structure and phase decomposition during aftershocks of the 2007 Chuetsu-oki earthquake

<p>Fogo and Brava are part of the south-western chain of the Cape Verde archipelago, which is believed to originate from a mantle plume. The two islands are located about 18 km apart from each other. Only Fogo experienced historic eruptions at intervals of about 20 years, with the last eruption from November 2014 to February 2015. In contrast to Fogo, Brava shows a high seismic activity. In our study we focus on the characterization of the seismicity in the region. We employ multi-array techniques to study the seismic activity, as many events are located offshore. Additionally, arrays are well suited for the analysis of volcano-related seismic signals without clear onset of phases. From January 2017 to January 2018 we operated a network of three seismic arrays (two on Fogo, one on Brava) and seven single short-period stations (five on Fogo, two on Brava). The arrays consist of 4 broad-band and 6 short-period stations each and are shaped circularly with an aperture of approximately 700 m. We apply a time-domain array analysis to locate seismic events. This approach is computationally more expensive than a traditional f-k analysis, but allows for a higher flexibility in the selection of relevant time windows to calculate the beam energy. For the analysis in the time-domain, traces are first shifted and then cut to suitable time windows to determine the energy stack as a function of horizontal slowness.</p><p>For a single array, epicentral distances can be estimated from arrival-time differences between S- and P-waves, by assuming a suitable velocity structure. However, with two or more arrays, epicenters can be obtained directly from the intersecting beams. The technique is applied to earthquakes as well as to hybrid events. During 2017 the seismicity is clearly dominated by volcano-tectonic earthquakes, mainly originating beneath and around Brava. Additionally we observe hybrid events on Fogo, which are characterized by a transition from high (20-40 Hz) to low (1-10 Hz) frequencies. The events lack clear phases, although they often exhibit a relatively sharp onset. These features provide ideal conditions for the application of the multi-array analysis. The hybrid events originate in the Ch&#227; das Caldeiras region, a collapse scar surrounding the present-day Fogo volcano, and are likely related to rock-fall events.</p>

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Direct observations of radiation-enhanced transformations in glass

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100075543 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 354-355

Author(s):

J. F. DeNatale ◽

D. G. Howitt

Keyword(s):

Glass Matrix ◽

Diffusion Mechanism ◽

Bubble Formation ◽

Silicate Glasses ◽

Phase Decomposition ◽

Direct Observations ◽

Thin Foils ◽

Oxygen Bubble ◽

Electron Energy Loss ◽

Kinetics Of

The electron irradiation of silicate glasses containing metal cations produces various types of phase separation and decomposition which includes oxygen bubble formation at intermediate temperatures figure I. The kinetics of bubble formation are too rapid to be accounted for by oxygen diffusion but the behavior is consistent with a cation diffusion mechanism if the amount of oxygen in the bubble is not significantly different from that in the same volume of silicate glass. The formation of oxygen bubbles is often accompanied by precipitation of crystalline phases and/or amorphous phase decomposition in the regions between the bubbles and the detection of differences in oxygen concentration between the bubble and matrix by electron energy loss spectroscopy cannot be discerned (figure 2) even when the bubble occupies the majority of the foil depth.The oxygen bubbles are stable, even in the thin foils, months after irradiation and if van der Waals behavior of the interior gas is assumed an oxygen pressure of about 4000 atmospheres must be sustained for a 100 bubble if the surface tension with the glass matrix is to balance against it at intermediate temperatures.

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Transmission Electron Microscopic Observations of Al3Li and Al3Ti Precipitation in A Rapidly Solidified Al-3Li-0.2Ti ALLOY

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600001422 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 336-337

Author(s):

J. E. O’Neal ◽

K. K. Sankaran ◽

S. M. L. Sastry

Keyword(s):

Rapid Solidification ◽

Metallic Substrate ◽

Deformation Characteristics ◽

Phase Decomposition ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Supersaturated Solid Solutions ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopic ◽

Rapidly Solidified ◽

Microstructural Homogeneity

Rapid solidification of a molten, multicomponent alloy against a metallic substrate promotes greater microstructural homogeneity and greater solid solubility of alloying elements than can be achieved by slower-cooling casting methods. The supersaturated solid solutions produced by rapid solidification can be subsequently annealed to precipitate, by controlled phase decomposition, uniform 10-100 nm precipitates or dispersoids. TEM studies were made of the precipitation of metastable Al3Li(δ’) and equilibrium AL3H phases and the deformation characteristics of a rapidly solidified Al-3Li-0.2Ti alloy.

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