scholarly journals Three dimensional configuration of earthward fast plasma flow in the near-Earth plasma sheet

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Kondoh ◽  
Masayuki Ugai ◽  
Tohru Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Plasma Sheet ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration

scholarly journals Three-dimensional earthward fast flow in the near-Earth plasma sheet in a sheared field: comparisons between simulations and observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 2297-2302 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kondoh ◽  
M. Ugai
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Plasma Sheet ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mhd Simulations ◽  
Simulation Domain ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration ◽  
Fast Flow ◽  
Reconnection Model ◽  
Fast Reconnection

Abstract. Three-dimensional configuration of earthward fast flow in the near-Earth plasma sheet is studied using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations on the basis of the spontaneous fast reconnection model. In this study, the sheared magnetic field in the plasma sheet is newly considered in order to investigate the effects of it to the earthward fast flow, and the results are discussed in comparison with no-shear simulations. The virtual probes located at different positions in our simulation domain in shear/no-shear cases could explain different behavior of fast flows in the real observations.

scholarly journals Improvement on Permeability of Cyclic Peptide/Peptidomimetic: Backbone N-Methylation as A Useful Tool

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Wang Li ◽  
Zhengshuang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Peptides ◽  
Cyclic Peptide ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Synthetic Methodologies ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration

Peptides have a three-dimensional configuration that can adopt particular conformations for binding to proteins, which are well suited to interact with larger contact surface areas on target proteins. However, low cell permeability is a major challenge in the development of peptide-related drugs. In recent years, backbone N-methylation has been a useful tool for manipulating the permeability of cyclic peptides/peptidomimetics. Backbone N-methylation permits the adjustment of molecule’s conformational space. Several pathways are involved in the drug absorption pathway; the relative importance of each N-methylation to total permeation is likely to differ with intrinsic properties of cyclic peptide/peptidomimetic. Recent studies on the permeability of cyclic peptides/peptidomimetics using the backbone N-methylation strategy and synthetic methodologies will be presented in this review.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional multispecies hybrid simulation of Titan's highly variable plasma environment

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Simon ◽  
A. Boesswetter ◽  
T. Bagdonat ◽  
U. Motschmann ◽  
J. Schuele
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hybrid Simulation ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Magnetospheric Plasma ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Ion Species

Abstract. The interaction between Titan's ionosphere and the Saturnian magnetospheric plasma flow has been studied by means of a three-dimensional (3-D) hybrid simulation code. In the hybrid model, the electrons form a mass-less, charge-neutralizing fluid, whereas a completely kinetic approach is retained to describe ion dynamics. The model includes up to three ionospheric and two magnetospheric ion species. The interaction gives rise to a pronounced magnetic draping pattern and an ionospheric tail that is highly asymmetric with respect to the direction of the convective electric field. Due to the dependence of the ion gyroradii on the ion mass, ions of different masses become spatially dispersed in the tail region. Therefore, Titan's ionospheric tail may be considered a mass-spectrometer, allowing to distinguish between ion species of different masses. The kinetic nature of this effect is emphasized by comparing the simulation with the results obtained from a simple analytical test-particle model of the pick-up process. Besides, the results clearly illustrate the necessity of taking into account the multi-species nature of the magnetospheric plasma flow in the vicinity of Titan. On the one hand, heavy magnetospheric particles, such as atomic Nitrogen or Oxygen, experience only a slight modification of their flow pattern. On the other hand, light ionospheric ions, e.g. atomic Hydrogen, are clearly deflected around the obstacle, yielding a widening of the magnetic draping pattern perpendicular to the flow direction. The simulation results clearly indicate that the nature of this interaction process, especially the formation of sharply pronounced plasma boundaries in the vicinity of Titan, is extremely sensitive to both the temperature of the magnetospheric ions and the orientation of Titan's dayside ionosphere with respect to the corotating magnetospheric plasma flow.

Pit pattern and three-dimensional configuration of isolated crypts from the patients with colorectal neoplasm

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 798-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Tamura ◽  
Yasuo Furuya ◽  
Takehisa Tadokoro ◽  
Yoshifumi Higashidani ◽  
Yuichi Yokoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Neoplasm ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pit Pattern ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration

Three-Dimensional Configuration of Subretinal Fluid in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 5944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soh-Eun Ahn ◽  
Jaeryung Oh ◽  
Jong-Hyun Oh ◽  
In Kyung Oh ◽  
Seong-Woo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Subretinal Fluid ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration

Dielectric Metrology VIA Microwave Tomography: Present and Future

1994 ◽  
Vol 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Ch. Bolomey ◽  
N. Joachimowicz
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Scattering ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inverse Scattering Problem ◽  
Dielectric Characterization ◽  
Sample Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration ◽  
Characterization Of Materials

ABSTRACTUntil now, the measurement techniques used for the dielectric characterization of materials require severe limitations in terms of sample shape, size and homogeneity. This paper considers the dielectric permittivity measurement as a non-linear inverse scattering problem. Such an approach allows to identify the quantities to be measured and suggests possible experimental arrangements. The problem is shown to be significantly simplified if the shape of the material is known and if some a priori knowledge of the averaged value of the permittivity in the material under test is available. Two test cases have been selected to illustrate the state of the art in solving such inverse problems. The first one consists of a two-dimensional configuration which is applicable to cylindrical objects, and the second one to a vector three-dimensional configuration applicable, for instance, to cubic samples. The main limitations of such an inverse scattering approach are discussed and expected improvements in the near future are analysed.

Computation of Viscous Flow Around Propeller-Body Configurations: Series 60 CB = 0.6 Ship Model

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Stern ◽  
H. T. Kim ◽  
D. H. Zhang ◽  
Y. Toda ◽  
J. Kerwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Turbulence Modeling ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inviscid Flow ◽  
Ship Model ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Three Dimensional Configuration ◽  
Extensive Experimental Data

Validation of a viscous-flow method for predicting propeller-hull interaction is provided through detailed comparisons with recent extensive experimental data for the practical three-dimensional configuration of the Series 60 CB = 0.6 ship model. Modifications are made to the k-e turbulence model for the present geometry and application. Agreement is demonstrated between the calculations and global and some detailed aspects of the data; however, very detailed resolution of the flow is lacking. This supports the previous conclusion for propeller-shaft configurations and axisymmetric bodies that the present procedures can accurately simulate the steady part of the combined propeller-hull flow field, although turbulence modeling and detailed numerical treatments are critical issues. The present application enables a more critical evaluation through further discussion of these and other relevant issues, such as the use of radial-and angular-varying body-force distributions, the relative importance of turbulence modeling and grid density on the resolution of the harmonics of the propeller inflow, and three-dimensional propeller-hull interaction, including the differences for the nominal and effective inflows and for the resulting steady and unsteady propeller performance. Also, comparisons are made with an inviscid-flow method. Lastly, some concluding remarks are made concerning the limitations of the method, requirements and prognosis for improvements, and application to the design of wake-adapted propellers.

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